Pengetahuan dan Perilaku

Pengertian - Definisi Pengetahuan 

Baiklah kali ini saya akan membahas tentang Pengetahuan dan Perilaku.
                      Menurut Notoatmodjo (2011), pengetahuan merupakan hasil dari tahu, dan ini terjadi setelah orang melakukan pengindraan terhadap suatu objek tertentu. Pengindraan melalui panca indra manusia yang meliputi indra penglihatan pendengaran, penciuman, rasa dan raba. Pengetahuan manusia diperoleh melalui mata dan telinga. Pengetahuan atau kognitif merupakan domain yang sangat penting bagi terbentuknya tindakan seseorang (overt behavior). 

Karena dari Pengalaman dan penelitian oleh perilaku yang didasari oleh pengetahuan akan lebih langgeng daripada perilaku yang tidak didasari oleh pengetahuan. Penelitian Rogers (1974) mengungkapkan bahwa sebelum orang mengadopsi perilaku baru (berperilaku baru) di dalam diri orang tersebut terjadi proses yang berurutan ,yang disebut AIETA, yakni: 

1) Awarness (kesadaran), dimana orang tersebut menyadari dalam arti mengetahui terlebih dahulu terhadap stimulus (objek). 

2) Interest(merasa tertarik) terhadap stimulus atau objek tersebut. Disini sikap subjek sudah mulai timbul. 

3) Evaluation (menimbang-nimbang) terhadap baik dan tidaknya stimulus tersebut bagi dirinya. Hal ini berarti sikap responden lebih baik lagi. 

4) Trial, dimana subjek mulai mencoba melakukan sesuatu dengan apa yang dihendaki oleh stimulus.

5) Adoption, dimana subjek telah berperilaku baru sesuai dengan pengetahuan, kesadaran, dan sikapnya terhadap stimulus. 

Masih menurut Notoatmodjo (2011), Pengetahuan yang dicakupi dalam domain kognitif mempunyi enam tingkat, yaitu : 

a. Tahu (know) 

Tahu diartikan sebagai mengingat suatu materi yang telah dipelajari sebelumnya. Termasuk ke dalam pengetahuan tingkat ini adalah mengingat kembali (recall) terhadap sesuatuyang spesifik dari seluruh bahan yang dipelajari atau rangsangan yang telah diterima. Oleh sebab itu,tahu ini merupakan tingkat pengetahuan yang paling rendah. Kata kerja untuk mengukur bahwa orang tahu tentang apa yang dipelajari antara lain : menyebutkan, menguraikan, mendefinisika, menyatakan, dan sebagainya.

b. Memahami (comprehension) 

Memahami diartikan sebagai suatu kemampuan menjelaskan secara benar tentang objek yang diketahui, dan dapat menginterpresi materi tersebut secara benar. Orang yang telah paham terhadap objek atau materi harus dapat menjelaskan dan menyebutkan. 

c. Aplikasi (application) 

Aplikasi diartikan sebagai kemampuan untuk menggunakan materi yang telah dipelajari pada situasi atau kondisi riil (sebenarnya). Aplikasi disini dapat diartikan aplikasi atau penggunaan hukum-hukum, rumus, metode, prinsip, dan sebagainya dalam konteks atau situasi yang lain. 

d. Analisis (anallysis) 

Analisis adalah suatu kemampuan untuk menjabarkan materi atau suatu objek ke dalam komponen-komponen, tetapi masih di dalam suatu struktur organisasi tersebut, dan rnasih ada kaitannya satu sama lain. Kemampuan analisis ini dapat dilihat dari penggunaan kata-kata kerja: dapat menggambarkan (membuat bagan), membedakan, memisahkan, mengelompkan, dan seba 

e. Sistesis (synthesis) 

Sintesis menunjuk kepada suatu kemampuan unuk melakukan atau menghubungkan bagian-bagian di dalam suatubentuk keseluruhan yang baru. Dengan kata lain sistesis itu suatu kemampuan untuk menyusun formulasi baru dari formulasi-formulasi yang ada. Misalnya dapat menyusun, dapat merencanakan, dapat meringkaskan, dapat menyesuaikan, dan sebagainya, terhadap suatu teori atau rumusan-rumusan yang telah ada. 

f. Evaluasi (evaluation) 

Evaluasi ini berkaitan dengan kemampuan untuk melakukan justifikasi atau penilaian terhadap suatu materi atau objek. Penilaian-penilaian itu berdasarkan suatu kriteria yang ditentukan sendiri, atau menggunakan kriteria-kriteria yang telah ada. Demikian yang saya dapat sampai kan,mohon maaf jika ada tutur salah kata.

Jangan Lupa share and subscribe iya...............!!!!!

How to Control The Ego and Emotion

I personally was a cinch emotion, hard to control myself, selfish, and impatient ..

Graduated from college and began working to make me feel a little more able to control myself, began to realize that many org that it can not accept the nature and attitude.

www.callcentrehelper.com

When I met couples, I'm not too enthusiastic, because when I was emotional, he was silent, indeterminate respond, so morbidly channeled my emotions and disappear, cut precipitate.

Socializing with various characteristics and attitudes to work, entrepreneurship, housekeeping, made me very conscious, not the narrow world .. 

When I was dropped or elevated, does not necessarily make me worse or be proud of ourselves, because all of the process, not the results. And for me, all of the tests. 

Many circumstances make me throw away all the ego, emotions, and turn it into a mature mind .. Because "not necessarily succumb to lose" Well, it must be enjoyed .. 

I am sure, all of which look miserable or painful yesterday and today, if I bs accept it with positive and believe they are on the right path, one day, the results will be amazing .. Allah is good .. 

"The Lord thy favor Which do you deny?" I had more reason to be grateful rather than complain. Allah is good ..

Mengendalikan dan Mengelola Ego dan Emosi

Oleh : Isna  Mei Iriyana Dewi

Tadinya saya pribadi yg mudah emosi, sulit mengendalikan diri, egois, dan tidak sabaran.. 

Lulus kuliah dan mulai bekerja membuat saya merasa lebih bisa sedikit mengendalikan diri, mulai menyadari bahwa banyak org yg ternyata tdk bisa menerima sifat dan sikap kita. 

Sumber : www.smashingmagazine.com

Kenal dengan sosok suami pun membuat saya tidak terlalu "meluap2", karena ketika saya emosi, beliau hanya diam, tdk menanggapi, jadi emosi saya tdk tersalurkan dan alhamdulillah menghilang, tdk mengendap.

Bersosialisasi dengan beraneka sifat dan sikap orang dengan bekerja, berwirausaha, berumahtangga, membuat saya sangat sadar, dunia tidak selebar daun kelor.. Daun kelor tidak akan bisa menampung beragam karakter orang.. 

Ketika saya dijatuhkan ataupun ditinggikan, tidak lantas membuat saya terpuruk atau berbangga diri, karena semua itu proses, bukan hasil. Dan bagi saya, semua itu ujian. Diberi masalah ujian, pun diberi kesenangan, itu jg ujian..Selalu ada "ujian" di setiap "pujian" 

Banyak keadaan yg membuat saya membuang jauh2 segala ego, emosi, dan merubahnya menjadi pikiran dewasa.. 

Karena "mengalah belum tentu kalah" 

Well, itu pun harus dinikmati.. 

Saya yakin, semua yang terlihat menyedihkan atau menyakitkan kemarin dan saat ini, jika saya bs menerimanya dengan positif dan percaya masih berada di jalan yang benar, suatu hari nanti, hasilnya akan luar biasa.. Allah Maha Baik.. 

"maka nikmat Tuhan-Mu manakah yang kamu dustakan?" 

Saya punya lebih banyak alasan utk selalu bersyukur drpd mengeluh. Allah Maha Baik..

Definition and Concept of Financial Management

Definition of Financial Management has developed from the definition of management that only prioritize to the activity of obtaining funds until the activities of obtaining and using funds and management of assets. Financial Management (Finance Management) is the entire activity or activities of the company in the context of the use and allocation of company funds efficiently. According to George R. Terry, management includes four activities often known as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling)

According to Bambang Riyanto: financial management is all company activities related to the procurement of funds required with minimal cost and most favorable conditions with efforts to use the funds as efficiently as possible.

Concept of Financial Management

To perform its functions, a company must perform the functions well, since in the implementation, each function relates each other. Financial management is the management of the financial functions. Meanwhile, the function of finance is the main activities performed by those who are responsible in the particular field. The functions of financial management are using and placing the funds.

Financial management is all company activities related to how the company obtains funds, uses the funds and manages assets in accordance with the overall company's objectives.

Financial management is related to three activities:

Activity of fund use, it is the activity to invest funds in various assets.

Fundraising activity, it is activity to obtain funding sources, both from internal and external funding sources.

Asset management activity, after funds are obtained and allocated in the form of assets, the funds should be managed as efficient as possible.

Financial management is all activities by asset acquisition, financing and management with some overarching objectives. Therefore, decision-making functions of financial management can be divided into three main areas: decisions in respect of investment, financing, and asset management.

Purpose and Steps of Financial Management

Purpose of Financial Management is to maximize the value of a company. Thus, if one day the company is sold, the price can be set as high as possible. A manager must also be able to suppress the flow of money circulation in order to avoid unwanted actions. Efficient financial management needs the existence of purposes and goals, which are used as standard in assessing the efficiency of financial decisions.

The company's goal is maximizing the welfare of the owner. The amount of stock owned shows the ownership evidence of a company. Shareholder wealth is shown by the market price of the company, which is also reflection of investment, financing and asset management decisions. The success of a business decision is judged by the impact on stock prices.

Steps in Financial Management

Management has three important steps; planning, implementation and research, the three steps when implemented financial management becomes financial planning, implementation and assessment steps.

1. Planning (Financial Forecasting)

Financial forecasting in financial management is used to estimate the financial needs in the future. If the financial management does not try to anticipate the future financing needs of the company, then crisis will happen when treasury income is less than treasury outcome. Good planning is intended to anticipate and prepare the company to face the future condition, which, when the company should require the presence of additional finance, and also when the company is not able to generate treasury income.

2. Implementation (financial planning and budgeting)

To obtain more accurate estimate of the amount and timing of financing needs, it requires treasury budget. Percentage method for financial forecasting provides very useful introduction and low cost to develop more detailed treasury budget, which will be used to estimate the financing needs.

3. Research (budget function)

Beside as a tool for planning and management control, budget is also a tool for management to lead an organization in strong or weak position (Nana Fatth, 2000).

Functions of Financial Management

Functions of Financial Management

a. Investment Decision

Investment is defined as an investment of company in real and financial assets. Financial decision is a decision on what assets will be managed by the company. Investment decision will directly influence to the amount of investment profitability (return on investment) and treasury flow of the company in the future.

b. Financing Decision

Financing decision studies funding sources on the liabilities side. Therefore, it needs to be considered a source of funds that has most minimal costs and favorable conditions. Fulfillment of funds can be done through internal and external company resources.

c. Dividend Decision

This decision is made to determine:

1. The amount of profit percentage distributed to shareholders in the form of cash dividends

2. The dividend stability to be distributed

3. Stock dividend

4. Stock split

5. Withdrawal of stock outstanding.

Here is a brief explanation of Financial Management Functions:

Financial planning, making income and outcome planning and other activities for a certain period.

Financial budgeting, following up of financial planning to make detailed outcome and income.

Financial Management, using company funds to maximize the funds available in a variety of ways.

Financial searching, finding out and exploiting the resources available for the operational activities of the company.

Financial storage, collecting funds and saving and securing the funds.

Financial control, evaluation and improvement of finances and financial systems in the company.

Financial Audit, internal audit on the financial company to avoid deviations.

Financial reporting, providing information about the company's financial condition as well as evaluation.

Principles of Financial Management

Principles of Financial Management

Financial Management in practice is an activity performed and appearing in order to make the finance of the company or organization ideal.

Therefore, in making financial management system, we need the following principles as the basis:

1. Consistency

In this principle, a system and financial policy must be consistent, not change from period to period, but keep in mind that the financial system does not mean that there is no adjustment if there is a significant change in the company.

2. Accountability

This principle is a moral or legal obligation, which is inherent to the individual, group or company to give explanation of how the funds or authority given to a 3rd party used.

3. Transparency

Management should be open to the work, provide information about the plan and all the activities concerned, including providing reasonable, complete, timely and accurate financial report which can be accessed easily by an interested party, if it is not transparent, it can indicate that management has hide something.

4. Viability

To maintain the financial company, all operational outcome or at strategic level must be adjusted to the existing funds.

5. Integrity 

Every individual should have integrity level that is capable in running operations. In addition, the records and financial report must be maintained the integrity with the completeness and the accuracy of financial records.

6. Stewardship

Financial management should be able to manage capably of the funds obtained and provide assurance that funds received will be used to realize the goals that have been set.

7. Accounting Standards

Financial accounting system used must be in accordance with the principles and standards of applicable accounting rules to make the financial report produced easily perceived and understood by all interested parties.

Functions of Human Resource Management

There are some functions of human resource management:

1. Planning 

It is a conscious effort in making a decision that has been considered about what will be done in the future by a company to achieve the intended purpose.

2. Recruitment 

Effective recruitment will provide an employment opportunity for people who have the ability and skills meeting the qualifications and specifications of the job.

3. Selection

Selection of labor is the process of finding suitable and right employment of the candidates available.

4. Orientation, Training and Development

All activities to provide, obtain, and improve and develop job competence, productivities, discipline, attitude and work ethos at certain skill and expertise levels in accordance with the level and qualification of the job and position.

5. Work Evaluation

It is not less important than the other management functions. Evaluation Function of human resource management is useful so that the company no longer makes the same mistake.

6. Compensation

Compensation function is granting of fair and decent remuneration based on the labor responsibilities and achievement.

7. Integration

The integration is the activity to unite between the company interests and the needs of employees, thus it creates beneficial partnership to both parties.

8. Maintenance

Maintenance function is activity to maintain or even improve mental, physical and loyalty conditions of workers in order to create long cooperation.

9. Dismissal

It is discontinuation of employment relationship between the labor and the company caused by something that resulted in the rights and obligations ended between the employer (company) and employee. 

How to Measure Motivation

There are several ways to measure motivation:

1. Projective Test

One of projective techniques widely known is Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). In this test, client is given a picture and the client is asked to make a story out of the picture.

In theory of Mc Leland, it was explained that humans have three needs: need for achievement (n-ach), need for power (n-power), and need for affiliation (n-aff). From the content of the story, we can examine a client's underlying motivation based on the concept needs.

2. Questionnaire

The trick is asking client to fill out a questionnaire containing questions that can provoke the client�s motivation.

For example is EPPS (Edward's Personal Preference Schedule). This questionnaire consists of 210 numbers which each number consists of two questions. Client is asked to choose one of these two questions that is more representative of him. From filling the questionnaire, it will be known the motivation of the client.

3. Observation

Another way to measure motivation is creating a situation so that the client can bring the behavior that reflects his motivation.

For example, to measure the desire to excel, the client is asked to produce origami in a certain time limit. The behavior observed is, whether the client uses the feedback given, takes risky decisions and concerns with the quality rather than quantity of work.

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Langsung saja kita meluncur di Sungai Luk Ula, kebetulan rumah mertua ada di Kabupaten Kebumen, Jawa Tengah sehingga kita mancingnua disana.

Umpan mancing yang kita pakai adalah campuran tepung, tempe, roti dan bawang putih..katanya sich umpan ini ampuh buat ikan wader.

Langsung aja sampai disungai saya lempar kail...eeee nggak berapa lama ikan wader nyanthol...alhamdulillah.

Tambah semangat aja mancingnya..karena baru lempar sebentar sudah dapat..satu persatu ikan wader cantik naik, lumayan besar untuk ukuran ikan wader.

Berhubung sudah sore dan rasa hati sudah puas, kita segera pulang...haaah senengnya bisa mancing lagi ikan wader di sungai.

Definition of Health Behavior

Health behavior is a person's response to stimulus or object associated with health-illness, disease, and factors that affect health, such as environment, food, drink and healthcare.

In other words, health behavior is all a person�s activities, both observable and unobservable. 

Health behavior is grouped into two:

1. The behavior of healthy people to stay healthy and increase

This behavior is called healthy behavior, including behaviors (overt and covert behavior) in prevention or avoidance of disease and disease causes.

For Example:

Eating with balanced nutrition, regular exercise, no smoking, no drinking, avoiding mosquito bites, brushing teeth before sleeping and after eating, washing hands with soap before eating, etc.

2. The behavior of sick people 

This behavior is called health-seeking behavior. This behavior includes actions taken by a sick person to obtain healing.

For Example:

Going to hospitals, clinics etc.

Health behavior done by someone is related to knowledge; the better knowledge of someone, the health behavior will be good.

Health behavior among individuals is also different each other, because it is influenced by many factors, such as economic factors, environmental factors, facility factors, and knowledge itself.

In the modern era like today in which there are many activity demands, we should realize the importance of health, it will create good and optimal behavior health. Thus, the condition of our health will be better.

The Importance of Health for Us

Health is the condition of the body that is free from pain, free from stress so that a person can do the activity optimally and think well.

A healthy body very supports activities that we do, without good physical health then our daily activities will be disrupted. Physical health only is not perfect if it is not supported by our mental or mind health, because the function of the body will decrease if our mind health is disrupted.

The result of health disruption includes the declining performance of the body. This condition will be very disturbing our daily activities. If the situation or condition is prolonged, it will be dangerous for us, for example, we are unable to work.

Physical health and mental health are very important, but many people ignore it. Many people are not aware if their body has limitations in the function.

If we want to get good quality of health, we must know when the body has to stop working, when the body needs refreshing, and also should know good food for our body.

A balanced activity should actually be run; otherwise it would be bad for us.

One more thing that is often underestimated is our mental health that comes from spiritual activity. People are too busy with the material and forget the spiritual, that's what happened today. And if our spiritual health is not good, we will not be able to feel comfort of our minds.

Our success is largely determined by the good performance of ourselves and all can only be achieved if our body and our mental health are maintained. 

Definition of Need and Desire

Need is situation that demands to be met. Need can be said as a condition of feeling not having the basic satisfaction. Humans need food, houses, clothing, security, etc. to be able to carry out their life. These needs are individuals that have to be provided or sought by the individuals themselves.

There are needs that are essential and unessential to be met. Essential need, for example,elementary education, and unessential need such as high education. People without elementary education are difficult to perform live, but people can still live without high education althoughthey only have low competitiveness. 

Desire is a willto meet the desired needs. Need of each person is different; it is due to lifestyle, cultural, andsocial economic factors. 

Someone who lives in village will probably have a simpler and easier desire compared to people who live in the city. Similarly, the desire for someone who lives in country A will be different from someone who lives in country B. 

Every human has needs that must be met, but if it is calculated, actually theneed is only few. It is different with the desire of someone who sometimes wants something that is not needed. 

In simple words, if we talk about need, it is associated with things that should be provided, while desire is booster to meet those needs. Without desire, the need will never be met.

Definition of Group

Definition of Group 

Group is an assembly of two or more people who interact and influence each other, and formed together based on common interests or goals. This statement contains the understanding that there must be interaction in a group of people who join in it to achieve a common goal.

To make the group managed develops towards the positive; there are several things that must be considered: 

1. Structure, it becomes important in a formal group in order to make the group solid and not get caught up in unnecessary conflict and interfere with the development of the group. 

2. Hierarchy Status, to make the goals to be achieved clear, it is necessary to control the hierarchy and authority and responsibilities of each member of the group. 

3. Role, the role of each member of the group must be adapted to the structure and hierarchy within the group in order to avoid overlap (over lapping) in processing of tasks / jobs. 

4. Norm, it is a rule of permissibility or suitability of something to be done and usually agreed by all members of the group. If there is a violation, normally it will be given social sanction prevailing in the group. Norm is required in a group to organize everything orderly and relationships among the members of the group become regular and orderly. 

5. Leadership, it is required as actuating of formality structure, clarity of hierarchy status, roles and norms. Without effective leadership, the four characteristics of the group will be useless. 

6. Compactness, it is necessary to cover the lack of leadership and weakness characteristic of other group members. 

The continuity of the group lies in the seriousness of each individual who joined the group for mutual renew the spirit of collectivity in achieving the goals set together by accommodating the most individual aspirations. The more aspirations of the group members are accommodated, the members of the group are more satisfied. Satisfaction of the members will make the existence of the group survived for a longer period of time.

Someone�s Reason in Joining a Group

Someone�s Reason in Joining a Group 

There are several reasons why people are grouping. Some people even consider that group is a necessity; it means that without grouping, someone feels uncomfortable to live. Therefore, there are several reasons that can be inventoried why people decide to be group: 

1. Security, by joining in a group, one can reduce discomfort in solitude. Many people feel stronger and do not hesitate in a group. 

2. Status, by joining a group, a person feels more regarded and more respectable than being alone. 

3. Self-esteem, because of people feel more honored when grouping, then they feelhaving self-esteem. 

4. Affiliation, many social needs can be got when someone is in group. Friendly atmosphere when distress, pain, death, and disaster; someone will be easier to get help from others. 

5. Building strength, many things cannot be achieved individually; however, it becomes possible when grouping. By grouping, it will make easier to build the strength to achieve something great. 

6. Achieving the goal, because of grouping leadsto strength, of course it will facilitate the achievement of objectives. 

Formal and Informal groups 

In the practice in society, there are formal and informal groups. Formal group can be defined as a group created by the managerial decision to achieve organizational objectives, therefore there are many formal groups that are found in formal and structured organizations. 

Formal groups consist of command group and task group. Command group is characterized by the presence of command chain of the leader led. Because of the command, the leader�s command must be done. Negligence on the matter will result in sanctions from the organization. In contrast, informal group can be said as more evolved group of individual effort and development of interests and friendship rather than design deliberately formed by organization.

Behavior in Group

Behavior in Group 

In social life, for example in a community, in the office, at school we certainly will form or be involved in a group, therefore we must be good at selecting groups aiming positive and beneficial for the development of ourselves, lest we join a group that has negative effect on ourselves. 

Group behavior is response of the group members to the groupsocial structure and the norms adopted.

Collective behavior is a person's action at the same time, place, and behave. 

Which is better, group performance or individual performance? The question often arises because there is the adage that says "two heads are better than which done by an individual". The adage is true in some cases, because the group allows people to exchange information and opinions. 

Interaction within the group can generate ideas and new solutions. The group has extensive knowledge and greater probability that a person in the group will have specific knowledge relevant to the group issue. However, a group also does not always produce a better decision. Not everyone in the group contributes simultaneously, but the individual must wait their turn. Turn result in expressing the opinion, among the group members often have production blocking, distraught or loss of motivation to participate (lazy). Individuals sometimes do not want to share (sharing) in providing the information. 

Although the performance of agroup is often better than the average performance of individuals, performance is often below standard of individuals, especially when members of the group generally have relatively weak ability. In the group, it also canoccur social impact (Latane&Nida, 1981) that is a classification of members in a group. Ifthe group is major, the decision-making will be very effective. If the group is minor, then often people experience disappointment, because they feel disregarded.

Definition of Customer Behavior and How to Examine Customer Behavior

Definition of Customer Behavior and How to Examine Customer Behavior 

Costumer behavior is a person's processes and activities related to search, selection, purchase, use, and evaluation of products and services to meet the needs and desires. However, some people interpret costumer behavior as things underlying to make purchase decision, such as for something that has low selling price, then the decision process is done easily, while for things with high selling price, then the decision-making process will be done with careful consideration. 

According to some experts are as follows: 

a. Schiffman and Kanuk 

Costumer behavior is process passed by someone in finding, buying, using, evaluating and acting post-consumption of products and services, as well as ideas that are expected to meet their needs. 

b. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard 

Costumer behavior is act of service products, including the decision processes preceding and following the actions that are directly involved in obtaining, consuming and disposing a product or service, including the decision processes that precede and follow the action. 

There are three main approaches in examining costumer behavior. The first approach is interpretive approach. This approach digs deeply into costumer behavior and the underlying case. The study is conducted through long interviews and focus group discussions to understand what the meaning of a product and service to the costumers and what is perceived and experienced by costumers when buying and using it. 

The second approach is traditional approach based on the theory and methods of cognitive, social, and behavioral psychology and sociology. This approach aims to develop theories and methods to explain costumer behavior and decision-making. The study is conducted through experiments and surveys to test the theory and seek an understanding of how a costumer process information, make decisions, and the influence of social environment on costumer behavior. 

The third approach is called as science of marketing that is based on the theory and methods of economics and statistics. This approach is done by developing and testing a mathematical model based on the hierarchy of human needs according to Abraham Maslow to predict the effect of marketing strategy to the choice and consumption patterns, known as moving rate analysis.

Costumer Consideration Process

Costumer Consideration Process 

Before and after makingpurchase, a customer will perform a number of costumer consideration processes: 

Problem recognition 

Costumers will buy a product as a solution to the problems faced. Without problem recognition, customers are not able to determine the products to be bought. 

Information source 

After understanding the problems that exist, costumers will be motivated to seek information to solve the existing problems through searching information. The searching process can be derived from the memory (internal) and based on the experience of others (external). 

Alternative evaluation 

After a costumer has a wide range of information, he will evaluate the alternatives existing to overcome the problems faced. 

Purchase decision 

After costumers evaluate several existing strategy alternatives, they will make a purchase decision. Sometimes the time taken to make purchasing decisions by creating actual purchase is not same because of the other things that need to be considered. 

Post-purchase evaluation 

Evaluation process done by costumers does not just end at the stage of purchase decision-making. After buying the product, the costumer will evaluate whether the product is in accordance with expectations or not. In this case, there are satisfaction and dissatisfaction of customer. 

Costumers will be satisfied if the product is in accordance with the expectations and will further increase the demand for the product brand in the future. In contrast, they will feel dissatisfied if the product is not in accordance with expectations and it will reduce costumer demand in the future.

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Here are some definitions of system according to some experts.

1. L. James Havery

System is logical and rational procedure to perform or design a series of components that are related to each other.

2. Gordon B. Davis

A system consists of parts interrelated that operate together to achieve some goals and intents.

3. Salisbury

System is a group of parts or components that work together as a unified function.

4. John Mc Manama

System is a conceptual structure composed of functions that are interconnected and work as an organic unity to achieve the desired results effectively and efficiently.

5. Ludwig Von Bartalanfy

System is a set of elements that are bound in inter-relationships among the elements and the environment.

6. Indrajid

System implies the sets of components owned by the element that are related each other.

7. C.W. Churchman

System is a set of parts that are coordinated in tune and harmonious to carry out the objectives set.

8. Andri Kristanto

The system is a network of procedures interconnected, gathered together to do an activity or solve a particular target.

9. Edgar F. Huse and James L. Bowdict

System is a series or series of parts related and relies in such a way to cause the interaction and mutual influence.

10. O'brien

System is a group of related components, working together to achieve a common goal by receiving input and producing output in an orderly transformation.

11. Bertalanffy

System is a set of components that interacts each other and work together to achieve the same goal.

12. Djekky R. Djoht

System is aggregation or grouping objects united by some interaction forms that are fixed and interdependent, a group of different units, which are combined by nature or art so it forms an integral whole and functioning, operation, or moving in a unitary. 

13. Jogianto

System is a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal.

14. Azhar Susanto

System is a collection / group of any sub-systems / parts / components, either physical or non-physical that relate to each other and work together in harmony to achieve a certain goal.

15. Umar Fahmi Achmadi

System is a structure describing the existence of a series of different components that have relationship and common goal in harmonious and coordinated that work or run within a certain time and planned.

16. Koentjaraningrat

System is functioning and moving arrangement.

17. Mulyadi

System is basically a group of elements that are closely associated with each other, which function together to achieve certain goals.

Definition of Educational Philosophy

Definition of Educational Philosophy according to some experts:

Philosophy of education is a regular activity of the thought, which makes philosophy as a way to organize, harmonize and integrate the educational process. (Al-Syaibani 1979)

Philosophy of education is a fundamental basic skill formation, concerning to the power of thought (intellectual), the power of feeling (emotional), and human nature (John Dewey, 1957).

Educational philosophy is a science that is essentially the answer to the questions in the field of education. Philosophy of education is an application of philosophical analysis to the field of education. (Imam Barnadit, 1993)

In the relationship between philosophy (general) and philosophy of education, philosophy of education has some limitations.

(1) Philosophy of education is a view implementation of philosophy and philosophical principles in the field of human experience called education. Thus, educational philosophy tries to explain and clarify that this human experience is appropriate to new life. Educational philosophy contains an attempt to find concepts that put human in the midst of various symptoms in educational process. Then, it can also attempt to explain the various meanings that become the basis of educational concepts with the foundation aspects of human attention.

(2) Studying philosophy of education because of the belief that the study is very important in the effort to improve education. Educational issues related to guidance, assessment, method and others are the responsibility of educational philosophy that relies on the guidance of students� behavior and attitudes towards society.

(3) Educational philosophy has principles, beliefs, concepts that are integrated each other. The principles intended are beliefs to the problems of education. It is disclosed to be the basis of statements, plans, programs, curriculum and teaching rules, which of course are expected to find solutions to the educational problems.

Philosophy (general) and philosophy of education have a close relationship. The goals are same; to strive together in developing human life.

Function of Educational Philosophy

The function of educational philosophy is to investigate comparison of the influences (1) of the competitive philosophies in the process of life and (2) of the possibility of educational processes and character development in order to find the desired educational management to foster the most constructive character for the youth and old. In addition, the function of educational philosophy is also to help pedagogical purposes which include four interrelated aspects, namely the functions of analysis, evaluation, speculative, and integrative. The same thing also was disclosed by Brameld that the function of educational philosophy is as a tool of analysis, criticism, synthesis and evaluation.

Brubacher in detail stated that the functions of educational philosophy are as follows:

1. Speculative Function

Function of Education is trying to understand the whole issue of education and to formulate it in a basic description as a scientific data complement. Philosophy of education also tries to understand the whole issue of education and its relationship with other factors that affect education.

2. Normative Function

The function of educational philosophy is as direction, guidance for the realization of education. This principle is summed up in educational purpose, which is to build an ideal society and establish norms aspired. Educational philosophy provides norms and consideration for the normative and scientific realities to form culture.

3. Criticism Function

Function of educational philosophy is to provide basis of rational critical definition in considering and interpreting the scientific data. For example is measurement data of evaluation analysis, both personality and achievement. Criticism function also means analysis and comparative on something to get a conclusion. In this case, philosophy of education can set achievement classification appropriately with objective data (figures, statistics). In addition, philosophy of education is able to set assumptions or more reasonable hypothesis. Philosophy should be competent to overcome the weaknesses found by the scientific field and complete them with the data and arguments which do not come from scientific data.

4. Theory to Practice Function

All ideas, conceptions, analysis, and conclusions of educational philosophy serve as theory. This theory is the basis for the implementation / educational practice. Philosophy provides general principles for a practice.

5. Integrative Function

Educational philosophy has integrative function which is based on the understanding that philosophy of education is as spiritual principle or spirit of education.

Definition, Morphology and Function of Leaves

Leaf is one part of plant, of course, besides stems and roots. In general, leaves are green because they contain chlorophyll, but there is also leaves of plants that are yellow and red etc.

There is chlorophyll in leaves which serves as a catcher of sunlight energy used for photosynthesis. Leaves are the most important part for plant because the plant is autotroph obligate organism; to carry out its life, plant must supply energy through change of sunlight energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis).

Leaf Morphology

In fact, there are many shapes of leaves, but generally leaves are in the shape of thin and thick strands. The basic shape is round, with some variance of finger shape, elliptical and elongated. There are also spiny leaves, generally live in dry areas, such as cactus, succulent, Xerophyte, etc. The thistles do not require photosynthesis because they experience function transition from energy storage into water storage.

The green color in leaves is derived from chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment compound that is instrumental in the process of leaf photosynthesis. There are also other pigments such as carotenoids (orange), xanthophyll (yellow), anthocyanin (red, blue, purple, depending on the degree of acidity).

Functions of Leaves

1. Place of photosynthesis

At dicotyledonous plants, the photosynthesis is in the palisade parenchyma tissue, whereas for monocot plants, photosynthesis occurs in spongy tissue.

2. Respiratory organ

Respiratory organ in leaf is stomata, which serves as the organ of respiration

3. Place of transpiration

Transpiration is the release of water in the form of water vapor through the stomata and the cuticle to the free air

4. Place of Guttation

Guttation is the process of water release in liquid form on the leaf tissue.

5. Tools of vegetative proliferation

It is proliferation that occurs in leaves. Here shoots of plants grow on the leaves.

Definition and Function of Stem

Stem is one part of the plant that is very important and a crutch or body for the plant.

Natures and shapes of stem

1. Generally, stem shape is spherical length like a cylinder or can also have other shapes, but always be actinomorphic; it means that a number of fields can be divided into two symmetric parts.

2. It consists of segments as the place of plant branch

3. The growth is usually upward, toward the light which is fototrope / heliotrope.

4. It always lengthens in the tip. So, it is called stem that has unlimited growth.

5. Stems conduct branching and plant is not prolapsed during the life, except sometimes branches or small twigs.

6. Generally it is not green, except plants that have short age, for example, grass and young stems.

Functions of Stem

1. Supporting the parts of plant above ground, such as leaves, flowers and fruit.

2. Extending assimilation by the branching.

3. The transporting way of water and food substances is from the bottom to top and the transporting way of assimilation results is from the top to bottom.

4. Being storage of food reserve substances.

On the type of plants that the outer stems are covered by leather, there is cambium then wood.

Benefit of Ants and Classification of Black Ants

Benefit of Ants and Classification of Black Ants

Ants are insects with the number of species and individuals are huge. The number of ants in the earth's surface consists of more than 12,000 species, but only about 7600 species from 250 genera that have been named and described. The largest variety of ants is in the tropics. Ants are widespread all over the places except in the ocean, starting from the Arctic in the north to the south polar area (Daly et al., 1978).

Benefits of ants (Anonymous, 1998):

1. Ant nests on the ground makes the air able to get into the soil

2. Some types of ants eat bugs

3. plant-eating ants help the environment by eating plants that interfere

4. Ants fertilize soil when processing food

5. Ants can serve as decomposers

6. Ants help spread seeds

Dolichoderus thoracic Smith black ants are ant species that are widespread in Southeast Asia, especially in areas with an altitude of less than 1,300 meters above sea level. Black ants are often found in citrus, cocoa, coffee, and mango (Kalshoven, 1981). Black ant nest is usually located above ground (dry leaf litter piles) and coconut leaf midrib (if cocoa is planted with coconut) or in dry and dark places, and not far from the source of food. (Way and Khoo, 1992)

D. thoracic black ants usually come out of the nest in the morning and evening when the temperature is not too hot. Ants will lead plant shoots to get sunlight while carrying out their activities. But on the day when the air temperature is hot, the ants will hide in places that are protected from the sun directly, such as in the nest, behind the foliage, on the ground, and others (Elzinga, 1978 in Rahmawadi, 1997)

D. thoracic black ants are included in Hymenoptera Ordo (clear-winged insects) and in Formicidae Familia. According to Kalshoven (1981), D. thoracic black ant classification is as follows:

Phylum: Arthropods

Class: Hexapoda

Ordo: Hymenoptera

Family: Formicidae

Sub-family: Dolichoderinae

Genus: Dolichoderus

Species: Dolichoderus thoracic Smith

Caste Groups of Black Ants

Caste Groups of Black Ants
Dolichoderus thoracic black ants live in social organization that consists of a number of individuals forming a society called colony. Ant colony consists of groups called caste. Black ants consist of several castes: queen, males, and workers. Worker ants are divided into two; workers and soldiers. Castes of ants have different tasks, but still interact and work together for survival (Son, 1994).
a. Queen ant
queen ant has a larger body than other members of the colony, about 4.9 millimeters in length, the eye components are perfectly developed, and has flight mechanism in the form of wings that have been developing well since entering imago phase. In one colony, there is usually more than a queen. At every 100-200 worker ants, there is always a queen (Kalshoven, 1981). Ant queens are more common found in the rainy season than when dry. This is because in the rainy season there are many sources of food and plants to make nests so that it supports for the growth of the colony (Mele and Cuc, 2004).

b. Male Ant
The size of male ant is smaller than the queen, blackish in color, has antennae and wings like the queen, and the eye components has been developed perfectly. Male ants are more numerous than the queen, but have shorter life. Male ants are produced only at certain times of the year, which is in mating season and after mating with the queen, male ants will normally die. (Anonim, 1988)
c. Worker ant
Worker ants have characteristics easily recognized, 3.6 to 4.1 millimeters in length, brown legs, reducing thorax, and the flight mechanism never develops (no wings), the front abdomen shrinks with one or two bulges towards the dorsal, brown and geniculate antenna; the first segment lengthens and the next segments are short forming angle with the first segment (Samiyanto, 1990).
d. Soldier Ant
Worker ants have various sizes. The worker generation of queen egg who first build a nest is smaller than the workers born after that. In this case, it appears two different castes of workers, the large size called soldiers and the small size become workers. All soldier ants have large heads, consisting of sturdy chitin material and strong mandible upper jaw. The jobs of soldier ants are fighting and protecting the nest. In addition, all soldier ants also help small workers to carry the food into the nest. (Anonim, 1988).

Life Cycle of Black Ants

Ants go through the different development processes of body shape from egg to adult. This process is called metamorphosis. D. thoracic black ants including insects experience complete metamorphosis or holometabola metamorphosis. Ant life cycles are: egg, larva, pupa, and imago or adult (Karindah, 1992).

a. Egg

Ant eggs are white, oval-shaped, 1-1.5 millimeters in length, and long phase of eggs is 14 days (Cadapan et al., 1990). Eggs are produced 10-20 days after copulation between the queen and male ants. Black ant egg production is about 1300-1700 eggs per year. The eggs are laid in the nest that is in holes of trees or behind foliage (Elzinga, 1978 in Rahmawadi, 1997).

The ant eggs in the nest are treated by worker ants. Worker ants will move the eggs from the nest if the nest condition turns humid or deteriorate, and put them back in the nest when the situation is normal. This is done to avoid fungal infections and interference from outside such as predators, antagonist ants, and others.

b. Larva

Ant eggs will hatch into larva. Ant larva looks like a maggot, white, the head consists of 13 segments, and the long phase is 15 days (Cadapan et al., 1990). Black ant larva is fed in the form of saliva liquid getting from queen salivary glands, from fat reserves of queen fly muscle, or if the colony already has workers then feeding done by the workers (Samiyanto, 1990).

Larva usually eats all the time because they have to store enough energy to enter pupa phase.

c. Pupa

Ant larva will turn into pupa. Black ant pupa is white, not wrapped in a cocoon like most other insects, and long phase of pupa is 14 days. At the time of pupa-shaped, black ants have period of not eating or non-feeding period (Cadapan et al., 1990).

d. Imago

The last phase in the metamorphosis of ants is imago. Imago is black, the body organs begin to function, and begin to separate based on their castes. Colony will produce more workers than the other castes in the early formation of colonies. This is done to ease the queen�s task because most of colony activity will be carried out by the workers. Long life cycle of black ants is about 40 days and ants can survive for 2-3 years (Cadapan et al., 1990).

Definition and Scope of Social Research

Definition of social research is a scientific study about society and how people behave and affect each other.

Social research investigates outside the direct experience of researchers and helps to explain how communities are formed, for example, economic growth, the implementation of legal, politics or etc.

Scopes of Social Research are:

1. Demographic and Social Statistics, Methods and Computation

Demography is the study of changes and population trends using resources such as birth data, death and disease and others.

Social Statistics, Methods and Computational involve the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data.

2. Developmental Study, Human Geography and Environmental Planning

Developmental study is a multidisciplinary branch of social sciences that discusses about various social and economic issues related to the development or study of poor countries.

Human geography studies people, society and culture, especially regarding the impact on the environmental changes.

Environmental planning explores decision-making process in managing the system of human and nature relationship.

3. Economics, Management and Business Study

Economics tries to understand how individuals interact in the social structure to answer key questions about the production and exchange of goods and services.

Management and Business Study explore various aspects related to business management such as strategic and operational, organizational psychology, work relationship, marketing, accounting, finance and logistics.

4. Education, Social Anthropology and Linguistics

Education is one of the most important social sciences that explores how people learn and develop.

Social anthropology is the study of how society and human social structures are organized and understandable.

Linguistics focuses on language and how people communicate through the spoken voice and words.

5. Legal, Economic and Social History

Legal focuses on the rule made by the government and people to make sure the society becoming more orderly.

Economic and Social History see the past events to learn from history and to more understand the process of contemporary society.

6. Politics and International Relations

Politics focuses on democracy and the relationship between humans and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels.

International Relation is the study of relationship among countries, including the role of other organizations.

7. Psychology and Sociology

Psychology studies the human mind and tries to understand how people and groups experience a variety of emotions, ideas, and awareness.

Sociology involves a group of people, not individuals, and tries to understand how people relate to each other and function as a society or a social sub-group.

8. Technology Study

Technology Study relates to the role of technology in society, the policy and debates that form modern technology.

9. Social Policy

Social policy is interdisciplinary and subject concerned on community responses analysis to social needs with focus on the aspects of society, economy and the implementation of policies to improve social justice.

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Health research is a step of scientific method oriented or focusing the activities on the problems that arise in the health field. Health itself consists of two principal sub-areas; the first is individual health oriented on clinical treatment. The second is sub-field oriented on group or community that is prevention. Furthermore, these sub health fields consist of various disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, health service management, nutrition etc. The sub-fields are interrelated and affect public health in general.

So, based on this background, health research can be interpreted as an attempt to understand the problems faced in the health in promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and issues related to the elements; by searching for evidence and conducted through certain steps that are scientific, systematic and logic (Notoatmodjo, 1993).

Health Research Objectives

In general, health research objectives according to Notoatmodjo (1993) are:

1. Finding or testing new facts or old facts with respect to the health field.

2. Conducting an analysis of the relationship among the facts found in the health field.

3. Explaining about the facts found and the relationship with existing theories.

4. Developing a new method or concept in the health services to improve public health.

Benefits of Health Research

In short, the benefits of health research are:

1. Research results can be used to describe the health state or status of individuals, groups or communities.

2. The results can be used to describe the ability of resources and the possibility of these resources in order to support the development of health services.

3. The results can be used as study materials to find the cause of health problems or failures in the health service. So, it can be used as a reference to find an alternative solution or problem solving.

4. The results of health research can be used as a means to formulate policy of health care development.

Types of Health Research

Types of Health Research

Grouping of health research types is many kinds. It depends on the method used. Based on the method, health research can be classified into two groups:

1. Survey research method

In survey research, the results are the whole results although it is not carried out to the entire population, but only a sample. Results of the sample can be generalized as results of population. This method is classified into two parts, descriptive and analytic.

a. Descriptive Survey

In a descriptive survey, research is directed to describe a situation in one community. Such as the distribution of disease, the distribution of gender or other characteristics.

b. Analytical Survey

In analytical survey, research is directed to explain a situation. Analytic is basically used to answer the question why. Analytical survey is divided into three:

1) Cross-sectional

In a cross sectional study, data collection both dependent and independent variables and influence factors are collected at the same time.

2) Retrospective study

This study examines the phenomenon in the past. Data collection is started from the effects or consequences that have occurred and seen whether there is a connection with the past, for example, when looking for the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Then it started by searching for data on cases of lung cancer patients and they are questioned about smoking history in the past.

3) Prospective study

This study examines the phenomenon in the future, starting by looking at the variable causes and seen the effects in the future. For example, to see the relationship between alcohol and liver Chirosis, it is started by collecting the data of alcohol users and then forwarded to the next observation, whether the users are positive in liver Chirosis or not.

2. Experimental research method

Researchers conduct experimental research in respondents and measure the effect or influence. Treatment can be either deliberate or controlled. For example, research on the effects of music therapy on anxiety level of patients who will do the surgery.

However, when viewed in terms of the benefit, the health research can be classified into:

1. Basic research (basic of fundamental research)

This research is conducted to understand the symptoms that appear in an issue. Then the symptoms are analyzed and the conclusion becomes a new theory or knowledge.

2. Applied research

This study is conducted to repair or modify the system or the existing program. The study is conducted by applying a new system or method but still trial.

3. Action Research

This research is conducted to find a practical knowledge base in order to improve the situation in a community. The research is usually conducted which the problem solving needs to be done e.g. action research to improve transmigration public health.

4. Evaluation Research 

The research is conducted to assess the implementation of a program in order to seek feedback, for example, examining the level of patient satisfaction in hospitals after applying the concept of primary nursing.