Definition and Elements of Social System

The definition of social system is a system that consists of social elements. Social elements are made up of social actions done by individuals who interact one to another. In social system, there are individuals who interact and socialize so it creates social relationships.

The elements of social system

According to Selo Soemardjan referring to Loomis�s opinion, social system should consist of nine elements.

a. Trust and Knowledge

Trust and knowledge are the most important elements in social system because the behavior of community members is strongly influenced by what they believe and what they know about the truth, religious system, and ways of worship of the creator.

b. Feeling

Feeling is human�s soul condition with respect to situation of the surrounding nature including human beings.

c. Purpose

 Every human�s action has purpose to be achieved.

d. Norm / rule / Social Regulation

Norms are guidelines about the expected or inappropriate behavior according to the group or community.

e. Status and Role

Status is one's position in society in general with respect to others, in the sense of milieu, achievements, rights, and obligations.

f. Level / rank

Rank is associated with a person's position and role in society. A person with a certain rank means having a proportion of rights and obligations.

g. Power

Power is every ability to influence others. If a person is recognized by the surrounding community, that is called authority.

h. Sanction

Sanction is a form of reward given to a person for his behavior. Sanction can be a gift and can also be a punishment.

i. Facility

Facility is all forms of ways, methods, objects used by humans to create a social system purpose itself.

Source:

Selo soemardjan. 1991. Flower of Sociology. Faculty of Economics UI

Definition and Characteristic of Society

What is the definition of society?

Here are the definitions of society according to the experts:

1. According to J.L. Gilin and J.P. Gilin

Society is group that is scattered with the same feeling of unity.

2. According to Max Weber

Society is a structure or action which is principally determined by the dominant expectations and values on its citizens.

3. According to Emile Durkheim

According to this sociologist, society is an objective reality of individuals who are the members.

4. According to Karl Marx

Society is a structure that suffers organization tension or development because of the conflict among the groups fragmented economically.

5. According to M.J. Herskovits

Society is group of individuals who are organized and follow a certain way of life.

 6. According to Selo soemardjan

Society is people who live together and produce culture.

The characteristics of society are as follows:

1. People who live with at least consisting of two people.

2. Associating in a long time. As a result of living with, there are communication system and regulations that govern human relations.

3. Being Aware that they are unity.

4. It is a system of living together. The system raises culture because they feel related to each other.

Research Method of Sociology

Research Method of Sociology

According to Soerjono Soekanto, there are two kinds of methods or techniques of sociology; Qualitative and Quantitative Methods.

a. Qualitative Method

It is a method which prioritizes the observation result that difficult to measure with numbers or mathematical measures, although the events are real in the community.

The followings include in qualitative methods:

1) Comparative Method

It is an observation method by comparing various community and the fields.

2) Historical Methods

It is the observation method that analyzes events in the past to formulate general principles (macro).

3) Case Study Method 

It is the observation method of a state, groups, local communities, institutions and individuals.

The tools used in the case study are:

a) Interview, b) questionnaire, c) participant observer technique, in which the observers take part in public life observed.

b. Quantitative Method

It is a method that prioritizes information materials with numbers so that the phenomena observed can be measured using scale, indexes, tables, and formulas.

Besides the methods above, there are several other methods:

a. empirical method. it is a method that prioritizes real circumstances in the community.

b. Rational method is a method that prioritizes reasoning and common sense logic to achieve an understanding of social issues.

c. Deductive method is a method that started from the common things to draw specific conclusions.

d. Inductive method is a method that studies a specific symptom to obtain general conclusions.

e. Functional method is the method used to assess the usefulness of social institutions and social structure.

Source:

Soejono Soekanto. 1995. An Introduction to Sociology. Publisher PT. Raja Grafindo.

Approach of Sociology

Approach of Sociology

In terms of sociological approach by Drs. Kuswanto, there are two characteristics; comparative and holistic.

a. Comparative Approach

Comparative approach is an approach that looks human with a broad view, not only the people who are isolated or in certain social traditions.

The characteristics of comparative approach are:

1) Trying to identify similarities and differences to the generalization. 

2) Trying to provide a description of acceptable scientific explanation.

3) Comparing between one community and the other, including a tradition and the other traditions in the whole place and time.

4) Providing a description of the variety of social forms and recording the origin and human development with its customs, including the dimension of time.

b. Holistic approach

Holistic approach is an approach based on the idea that people can be investigated as a whole, as the units that are functional, or as certain systems. Sociology tries to cover the whole scope of everything related to humanity until the generalizations.

Specifically holistic approach in sociology has two primary aspects:

1) Trying to review the human culture as a single network interrelated, as an organized unity, and as a functioning whole. In which all parts are interconnected as a system component. Something happened in one component will affect the overall structure and work.

2) Studying the biological and socio-cultural characteristics of the species. The physical and cultural evolutions of human are not seen without linked to get a proper understanding.

Division of Sociology Branches

Division of Sociology Branches

The object of sociology is society seen from the point of view of the relationship between humans and process arising from human relationship in society.

So, what studied in sociology is very spacious, they are as follows.

a. Reciprocal relationship between humans and the others.

b. The relationship between individual and group.

c. The relationship between one group and another group.

d. The various properties of social groups.

Based on the specificity of the scope, according to Soerjono Soekanto, sociology can be classified into two kinds of branches; general and specific sociology.

a. General Sociology

Studying and investigating human behavior in general, in the conduct of public relations.

b. Specific Sociology

Studying and investigating the various sectors of society, from a certain aspect of life.

For Examples:

1) Development Sociology, discusses community in the development.

2) Industrial sociology, discusses society in the industrial world.

3) Political Sociology, discusses society in relation to politics.

4) Sociology of law, discusses the human behavior and society in relation to the applicable law.

5) Rural sociology, discusses society in villages.

6) Urban Sociology, discuss community in cities.

7) Sociology of education, discusses the relationship between community phenomenon and the education. And there is the other sociology.

The most theories of sociology come from the west. The first person who used the term sociology or the definition of sociology is Auguste Comte. He is considered the first sociology father.

Pentingnya Mencabut Gigi Anak

Banyak orang tua yang beranggapan mencabutkan gigi anak ke dokter gigi atau puskesmas tidaklah penting, mereka beranggapan gigi anak akan tanggal dan mudah lepas dengan sendirinya.

Memang ada benarnya anggapan mudah dicopotnya gigi susu pada anak, namun perlu anda sadari bahwa pada kasus atau kejadian tertentu dibutuhkan penanganan pencabutan gigi.

Pada kasus persistensi misalnya, adalah keadaan gigi anak, dimana gigi susu belum tanggal sedangkan gigi permanen penggantinya sudah tumbuh. Jika gigi susu tidak dicabut maka gigi permanen akan tumbuh tidak pada tempatnya, sehingga yang terjadi dikemudian hari gigi permanen pada anak akan tumbuh tidak rapi dan tidak beraturan.

Keadaan gigi permanen yang tidak bagus sudah barang tentu akan berpengaruh, misalnya mengganggu pengunyahan, bahkan jika deretan gigi anak sangat buruk akan menjadikan anak malu dan kurang percaya diri.

Oleh karena itu, kita sebagai orang tua haruslah rajin membawa anak kita untuk periksa gigi ke dokter gigi atau puskesmas sehingga jika terjadi masalah dengan kesehatan gigi anak akan cepat tertangani.

Kolam Renang Bikin Anak Bahagia

Sebagai orang tua, pasti akan senang jika melihat buah hatinya bahagia, tersenyum lepas penuh keceriaan.

Anak bisa saja mengalami kejenuhan akibat aktivitas rutin sehari hari. Misalnya setiap hari sekolah, pada suatu saat akan membuat anak menjadi jenuh, bosan, dan jika tekanan kesehariannya sangat tinggi bisa berakibat anak stres.

Oleh karena itu sebagai orang tua haruslah peka terhadap tingkah laku dan perkembangan anak. Jika anak sudah mulai gelisah, tidak fokus dan sering marah, maka wajib hukumnya kita sebagai orang tua segera untuk melakukan hal yang membuat anak merasa senang dan nyaman kembali.

Salah satu cara yang dapat anda lakukan adalah dengan mengajak anak refreshing, misalnya pergi ke tempat wisata. Itu yang saya lakukan pada anak saya. Bahkan sudah menjadi agenda rutin setiap akhir pekan anak saya ajak ke tempat wisata. Dan ternyata yang paling disukai adalah kolam renang. Saking sukanya bisa berjam jam anak saya nyebur di kolam. 

Senyuman manis selalu tersinggung di bibirnya. Tertawa penuh kebahagiaan sambil bermain air. 

Ayo luangkan waktu untuk bermain dengan anak, jangan sibuk kerja melulu, jangan sibuk mencari uang aja, si kecil adalah masa depan kita sebagai orang tua, berikan kebahagiaan yang positif, suatu saat si kecil akan membanggakan orang tuanya.