Definition and Concept of Financial Management

Definition of Financial Management has developed from the definition of management that only prioritize to the activity of obtaining funds until the activities of obtaining and using funds and management of assets. Financial Management (Finance Management) is the entire activity or activities of the company in the context of the use and allocation of company funds efficiently. According to George R. Terry, management includes four activities often known as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling)

According to Bambang Riyanto: financial management is all company activities related to the procurement of funds required with minimal cost and most favorable conditions with efforts to use the funds as efficiently as possible.

Concept of Financial Management

To perform its functions, a company must perform the functions well, since in the implementation, each function relates each other. Financial management is the management of the financial functions. Meanwhile, the function of finance is the main activities performed by those who are responsible in the particular field. The functions of financial management are using and placing the funds.

Financial management is all company activities related to how the company obtains funds, uses the funds and manages assets in accordance with the overall company's objectives.

Financial management is related to three activities:

Activity of fund use, it is the activity to invest funds in various assets.

Fundraising activity, it is activity to obtain funding sources, both from internal and external funding sources.

Asset management activity, after funds are obtained and allocated in the form of assets, the funds should be managed as efficient as possible.

Financial management is all activities by asset acquisition, financing and management with some overarching objectives. Therefore, decision-making functions of financial management can be divided into three main areas: decisions in respect of investment, financing, and asset management.

Definition of Health Behavior

Health behavior is a person's response to stimulus or object associated with health-illness, disease, and factors that affect health, such as environment, food, drink and healthcare.

In other words, health behavior is all a person�s activities, both observable and unobservable. 

Health behavior is grouped into two:

1. The behavior of healthy people to stay healthy and increase

This behavior is called healthy behavior, including behaviors (overt and covert behavior) in prevention or avoidance of disease and disease causes.

For Example:

Eating with balanced nutrition, regular exercise, no smoking, no drinking, avoiding mosquito bites, brushing teeth before sleeping and after eating, washing hands with soap before eating, etc.

2. The behavior of sick people 

This behavior is called health-seeking behavior. This behavior includes actions taken by a sick person to obtain healing.

For Example:

Going to hospitals, clinics etc.

Health behavior done by someone is related to knowledge; the better knowledge of someone, the health behavior will be good.

Health behavior among individuals is also different each other, because it is influenced by many factors, such as economic factors, environmental factors, facility factors, and knowledge itself.

In the modern era like today in which there are many activity demands, we should realize the importance of health, it will create good and optimal behavior health. Thus, the condition of our health will be better.

Definition of Need and Desire

Need is situation that demands to be met. Need can be said as a condition of feeling not having the basic satisfaction. Humans need food, houses, clothing, security, etc. to be able to carry out their life. These needs are individuals that have to be provided or sought by the individuals themselves.

There are needs that are essential and unessential to be met. Essential need, for example,elementary education, and unessential need such as high education. People without elementary education are difficult to perform live, but people can still live without high education althoughthey only have low competitiveness. 

Desire is a willto meet the desired needs. Need of each person is different; it is due to lifestyle, cultural, andsocial economic factors. 

Someone who lives in village will probably have a simpler and easier desire compared to people who live in the city. Similarly, the desire for someone who lives in country A will be different from someone who lives in country B. 

Every human has needs that must be met, but if it is calculated, actually theneed is only few. It is different with the desire of someone who sometimes wants something that is not needed. 

In simple words, if we talk about need, it is associated with things that should be provided, while desire is booster to meet those needs. Without desire, the need will never be met.

Definition of Group

Definition of Group 

Group is an assembly of two or more people who interact and influence each other, and formed together based on common interests or goals. This statement contains the understanding that there must be interaction in a group of people who join in it to achieve a common goal.

To make the group managed develops towards the positive; there are several things that must be considered: 

1. Structure, it becomes important in a formal group in order to make the group solid and not get caught up in unnecessary conflict and interfere with the development of the group. 

2. Hierarchy Status, to make the goals to be achieved clear, it is necessary to control the hierarchy and authority and responsibilities of each member of the group. 

3. Role, the role of each member of the group must be adapted to the structure and hierarchy within the group in order to avoid overlap (over lapping) in processing of tasks / jobs. 

4. Norm, it is a rule of permissibility or suitability of something to be done and usually agreed by all members of the group. If there is a violation, normally it will be given social sanction prevailing in the group. Norm is required in a group to organize everything orderly and relationships among the members of the group become regular and orderly. 

5. Leadership, it is required as actuating of formality structure, clarity of hierarchy status, roles and norms. Without effective leadership, the four characteristics of the group will be useless. 

6. Compactness, it is necessary to cover the lack of leadership and weakness characteristic of other group members. 

The continuity of the group lies in the seriousness of each individual who joined the group for mutual renew the spirit of collectivity in achieving the goals set together by accommodating the most individual aspirations. The more aspirations of the group members are accommodated, the members of the group are more satisfied. Satisfaction of the members will make the existence of the group survived for a longer period of time.

Definition of Customer Behavior and How to Examine Customer Behavior

Definition of Customer Behavior and How to Examine Customer Behavior 

Costumer behavior is a person's processes and activities related to search, selection, purchase, use, and evaluation of products and services to meet the needs and desires. However, some people interpret costumer behavior as things underlying to make purchase decision, such as for something that has low selling price, then the decision process is done easily, while for things with high selling price, then the decision-making process will be done with careful consideration. 

According to some experts are as follows: 

a. Schiffman and Kanuk 

Costumer behavior is process passed by someone in finding, buying, using, evaluating and acting post-consumption of products and services, as well as ideas that are expected to meet their needs. 

b. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard 

Costumer behavior is act of service products, including the decision processes preceding and following the actions that are directly involved in obtaining, consuming and disposing a product or service, including the decision processes that precede and follow the action. 

There are three main approaches in examining costumer behavior. The first approach is interpretive approach. This approach digs deeply into costumer behavior and the underlying case. The study is conducted through long interviews and focus group discussions to understand what the meaning of a product and service to the costumers and what is perceived and experienced by costumers when buying and using it. 

The second approach is traditional approach based on the theory and methods of cognitive, social, and behavioral psychology and sociology. This approach aims to develop theories and methods to explain costumer behavior and decision-making. The study is conducted through experiments and surveys to test the theory and seek an understanding of how a costumer process information, make decisions, and the influence of social environment on costumer behavior. 

The third approach is called as science of marketing that is based on the theory and methods of economics and statistics. This approach is done by developing and testing a mathematical model based on the hierarchy of human needs according to Abraham Maslow to predict the effect of marketing strategy to the choice and consumption patterns, known as moving rate analysis.

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Here are some definitions of system according to some experts.

1. L. James Havery

System is logical and rational procedure to perform or design a series of components that are related to each other.

2. Gordon B. Davis

A system consists of parts interrelated that operate together to achieve some goals and intents.

3. Salisbury

System is a group of parts or components that work together as a unified function.

4. John Mc Manama

System is a conceptual structure composed of functions that are interconnected and work as an organic unity to achieve the desired results effectively and efficiently.

5. Ludwig Von Bartalanfy

System is a set of elements that are bound in inter-relationships among the elements and the environment.

6. Indrajid

System implies the sets of components owned by the element that are related each other.

7. C.W. Churchman

System is a set of parts that are coordinated in tune and harmonious to carry out the objectives set.

8. Andri Kristanto

The system is a network of procedures interconnected, gathered together to do an activity or solve a particular target.

9. Edgar F. Huse and James L. Bowdict

System is a series or series of parts related and relies in such a way to cause the interaction and mutual influence.

10. O'brien

System is a group of related components, working together to achieve a common goal by receiving input and producing output in an orderly transformation.

11. Bertalanffy

System is a set of components that interacts each other and work together to achieve the same goal.

12. Djekky R. Djoht

System is aggregation or grouping objects united by some interaction forms that are fixed and interdependent, a group of different units, which are combined by nature or art so it forms an integral whole and functioning, operation, or moving in a unitary. 

13. Jogianto

System is a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal.

14. Azhar Susanto

System is a collection / group of any sub-systems / parts / components, either physical or non-physical that relate to each other and work together in harmony to achieve a certain goal.

15. Umar Fahmi Achmadi

System is a structure describing the existence of a series of different components that have relationship and common goal in harmonious and coordinated that work or run within a certain time and planned.

16. Koentjaraningrat

System is functioning and moving arrangement.

17. Mulyadi

System is basically a group of elements that are closely associated with each other, which function together to achieve certain goals.

Definition of Educational Philosophy

Definition of Educational Philosophy according to some experts:

Philosophy of education is a regular activity of the thought, which makes philosophy as a way to organize, harmonize and integrate the educational process. (Al-Syaibani 1979)

Philosophy of education is a fundamental basic skill formation, concerning to the power of thought (intellectual), the power of feeling (emotional), and human nature (John Dewey, 1957).

Educational philosophy is a science that is essentially the answer to the questions in the field of education. Philosophy of education is an application of philosophical analysis to the field of education. (Imam Barnadit, 1993)

In the relationship between philosophy (general) and philosophy of education, philosophy of education has some limitations.

(1) Philosophy of education is a view implementation of philosophy and philosophical principles in the field of human experience called education. Thus, educational philosophy tries to explain and clarify that this human experience is appropriate to new life. Educational philosophy contains an attempt to find concepts that put human in the midst of various symptoms in educational process. Then, it can also attempt to explain the various meanings that become the basis of educational concepts with the foundation aspects of human attention.

(2) Studying philosophy of education because of the belief that the study is very important in the effort to improve education. Educational issues related to guidance, assessment, method and others are the responsibility of educational philosophy that relies on the guidance of students� behavior and attitudes towards society.

(3) Educational philosophy has principles, beliefs, concepts that are integrated each other. The principles intended are beliefs to the problems of education. It is disclosed to be the basis of statements, plans, programs, curriculum and teaching rules, which of course are expected to find solutions to the educational problems.

Philosophy (general) and philosophy of education have a close relationship. The goals are same; to strive together in developing human life.

Function of Educational Philosophy

The function of educational philosophy is to investigate comparison of the influences (1) of the competitive philosophies in the process of life and (2) of the possibility of educational processes and character development in order to find the desired educational management to foster the most constructive character for the youth and old. In addition, the function of educational philosophy is also to help pedagogical purposes which include four interrelated aspects, namely the functions of analysis, evaluation, speculative, and integrative. The same thing also was disclosed by Brameld that the function of educational philosophy is as a tool of analysis, criticism, synthesis and evaluation.

Brubacher in detail stated that the functions of educational philosophy are as follows:

1. Speculative Function

Function of Education is trying to understand the whole issue of education and to formulate it in a basic description as a scientific data complement. Philosophy of education also tries to understand the whole issue of education and its relationship with other factors that affect education.

2. Normative Function

The function of educational philosophy is as direction, guidance for the realization of education. This principle is summed up in educational purpose, which is to build an ideal society and establish norms aspired. Educational philosophy provides norms and consideration for the normative and scientific realities to form culture.

3. Criticism Function

Function of educational philosophy is to provide basis of rational critical definition in considering and interpreting the scientific data. For example is measurement data of evaluation analysis, both personality and achievement. Criticism function also means analysis and comparative on something to get a conclusion. In this case, philosophy of education can set achievement classification appropriately with objective data (figures, statistics). In addition, philosophy of education is able to set assumptions or more reasonable hypothesis. Philosophy should be competent to overcome the weaknesses found by the scientific field and complete them with the data and arguments which do not come from scientific data.

4. Theory to Practice Function

All ideas, conceptions, analysis, and conclusions of educational philosophy serve as theory. This theory is the basis for the implementation / educational practice. Philosophy provides general principles for a practice.

5. Integrative Function

Educational philosophy has integrative function which is based on the understanding that philosophy of education is as spiritual principle or spirit of education.

Definition, Morphology and Function of Leaves

Leaf is one part of plant, of course, besides stems and roots. In general, leaves are green because they contain chlorophyll, but there is also leaves of plants that are yellow and red etc.

There is chlorophyll in leaves which serves as a catcher of sunlight energy used for photosynthesis. Leaves are the most important part for plant because the plant is autotroph obligate organism; to carry out its life, plant must supply energy through change of sunlight energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis).

Leaf Morphology

In fact, there are many shapes of leaves, but generally leaves are in the shape of thin and thick strands. The basic shape is round, with some variance of finger shape, elliptical and elongated. There are also spiny leaves, generally live in dry areas, such as cactus, succulent, Xerophyte, etc. The thistles do not require photosynthesis because they experience function transition from energy storage into water storage.

The green color in leaves is derived from chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment compound that is instrumental in the process of leaf photosynthesis. There are also other pigments such as carotenoids (orange), xanthophyll (yellow), anthocyanin (red, blue, purple, depending on the degree of acidity).

Functions of Leaves

1. Place of photosynthesis

At dicotyledonous plants, the photosynthesis is in the palisade parenchyma tissue, whereas for monocot plants, photosynthesis occurs in spongy tissue.

2. Respiratory organ

Respiratory organ in leaf is stomata, which serves as the organ of respiration

3. Place of transpiration

Transpiration is the release of water in the form of water vapor through the stomata and the cuticle to the free air

4. Place of Guttation

Guttation is the process of water release in liquid form on the leaf tissue.

5. Tools of vegetative proliferation

It is proliferation that occurs in leaves. Here shoots of plants grow on the leaves.

Definition and Function of Stem

Stem is one part of the plant that is very important and a crutch or body for the plant.

Natures and shapes of stem

1. Generally, stem shape is spherical length like a cylinder or can also have other shapes, but always be actinomorphic; it means that a number of fields can be divided into two symmetric parts.

2. It consists of segments as the place of plant branch

3. The growth is usually upward, toward the light which is fototrope / heliotrope.

4. It always lengthens in the tip. So, it is called stem that has unlimited growth.

5. Stems conduct branching and plant is not prolapsed during the life, except sometimes branches or small twigs.

6. Generally it is not green, except plants that have short age, for example, grass and young stems.

Functions of Stem

1. Supporting the parts of plant above ground, such as leaves, flowers and fruit.

2. Extending assimilation by the branching.

3. The transporting way of water and food substances is from the bottom to top and the transporting way of assimilation results is from the top to bottom.

4. Being storage of food reserve substances.

On the type of plants that the outer stems are covered by leather, there is cambium then wood.

Definition and Scope of Social Research

Definition of social research is a scientific study about society and how people behave and affect each other.

Social research investigates outside the direct experience of researchers and helps to explain how communities are formed, for example, economic growth, the implementation of legal, politics or etc.

Scopes of Social Research are:

1. Demographic and Social Statistics, Methods and Computation

Demography is the study of changes and population trends using resources such as birth data, death and disease and others.

Social Statistics, Methods and Computational involve the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data.

2. Developmental Study, Human Geography and Environmental Planning

Developmental study is a multidisciplinary branch of social sciences that discusses about various social and economic issues related to the development or study of poor countries.

Human geography studies people, society and culture, especially regarding the impact on the environmental changes.

Environmental planning explores decision-making process in managing the system of human and nature relationship.

3. Economics, Management and Business Study

Economics tries to understand how individuals interact in the social structure to answer key questions about the production and exchange of goods and services.

Management and Business Study explore various aspects related to business management such as strategic and operational, organizational psychology, work relationship, marketing, accounting, finance and logistics.

4. Education, Social Anthropology and Linguistics

Education is one of the most important social sciences that explores how people learn and develop.

Social anthropology is the study of how society and human social structures are organized and understandable.

Linguistics focuses on language and how people communicate through the spoken voice and words.

5. Legal, Economic and Social History

Legal focuses on the rule made by the government and people to make sure the society becoming more orderly.

Economic and Social History see the past events to learn from history and to more understand the process of contemporary society.

6. Politics and International Relations

Politics focuses on democracy and the relationship between humans and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels.

International Relation is the study of relationship among countries, including the role of other organizations.

7. Psychology and Sociology

Psychology studies the human mind and tries to understand how people and groups experience a variety of emotions, ideas, and awareness.

Sociology involves a group of people, not individuals, and tries to understand how people relate to each other and function as a society or a social sub-group.

8. Technology Study

Technology Study relates to the role of technology in society, the policy and debates that form modern technology.

9. Social Policy

Social policy is interdisciplinary and subject concerned on community responses analysis to social needs with focus on the aspects of society, economy and the implementation of policies to improve social justice.

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Health research is a step of scientific method oriented or focusing the activities on the problems that arise in the health field. Health itself consists of two principal sub-areas; the first is individual health oriented on clinical treatment. The second is sub-field oriented on group or community that is prevention. Furthermore, these sub health fields consist of various disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, health service management, nutrition etc. The sub-fields are interrelated and affect public health in general.

So, based on this background, health research can be interpreted as an attempt to understand the problems faced in the health in promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and issues related to the elements; by searching for evidence and conducted through certain steps that are scientific, systematic and logic (Notoatmodjo, 1993).

Health Research Objectives

In general, health research objectives according to Notoatmodjo (1993) are:

1. Finding or testing new facts or old facts with respect to the health field.

2. Conducting an analysis of the relationship among the facts found in the health field.

3. Explaining about the facts found and the relationship with existing theories.

4. Developing a new method or concept in the health services to improve public health.

Benefits of Health Research

In short, the benefits of health research are:

1. Research results can be used to describe the health state or status of individuals, groups or communities.

2. The results can be used to describe the ability of resources and the possibility of these resources in order to support the development of health services.

3. The results can be used as study materials to find the cause of health problems or failures in the health service. So, it can be used as a reference to find an alternative solution or problem solving.

4. The results of health research can be used as a means to formulate policy of health care development.

Definition of Character Education

What is Character Education?

Education is conscious and deliberate effort to create learning atmosphere and learning process to make the learners actively developing their self-potential to have spiritual power of religion, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed for them, society, nation and country.

Based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2008), Character is psychological traits, morals or manners that distinguish one person to another. Thus, character is unique values that hardwired within and manifested in behavior. Character coherently emanates from the results of paradigm, heart manner, feeling and intention manners, and physical manner of a person or group.

Character is also often associated with the term �temperament� that is more emphasis on psychosocial definition associated with education and environmental contexts. Meanwhile, character seen from behavioral perspective is more emphasizes on somatopsychological element owned by a person since birth. Thus, it can be said that the process of a person�s character development is influenced by many unique factors of the person concerned which is also called congenital factor (nature) and environmental factor (nurture) in which the person concerned grows and develops. Congenital factors may be said to be beyond the reach of the community and individuals to influence it. Meanwhile, environmental factor is factor that is in the range of community and individuals. So, the effort of a person�s development or character education can be done by the community or individuals as parts of environment through modification of environmental factor. 

Character Education Factors

Environmental factor in character education context has very important role because behavioral changes of learners as the result of character education process are determined by the environmental factor. In other words, the formation and modification of environment includes physical environment and school culture, school management, curriculum, educators, and teaching methods.

Character formation through environmental factor modification can be done through the following strategies:

1. Modeling

2. Intervention

3. Habituation conducted consistently

4. Reinforcement

In other words, the development and formation of character requires modeling development transmitted, intervention through the learning process, training, and habituation continuously in the long time that is done consistently and reinforcement and should be accompanied by noble values.

Parenting Determines the Success of Childs Character Education

Parenting Determines the Success of Childs Character Education

The success of a family in instilling good values ?? (character) in children is depended on the type of parenting that is applied by the parents to their children. Parenting can be defined as an interaction pattern between children and parents including physical needs (such as eating, drinking, etc.) and psychological needs (such as a sense of security, affection, etc.), and norm socialization prevailing in the society to make the children live in harmony with the environment. In other words, parenting also includes interaction pattern of parents and the children in the context of children character education.

Rohner�s research result (in Megawangi, 2003) shows that childhood experiences influence the development of one's personality (character or emotional intelligence). The study - which uses PAR theory (Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory) - shows that parents parenting, both acceptance and rejection of the child, will affect the development of emotional, behavioral, social-cognitive, and psychological health as adults later.

In this case, the definition of children accepted is a child given love, both verbally (given words of love and affection, words of encouragement, support, and praise), and physically (given kiss, caress on the head, hug, and friendly eye contact). Meanwhile, children rejected are the children who receive aggressive behavior of the parents, both verbally (rant, negative innuendo, yelling, and other words that can discourage), and physically (hitting, pinching, or slapping). Parental rejection can also be indifference or neglect, which is not care of child needs both physical and mental, or undifferentiated rejection, that is not too visible firm of rejection, but children feel unloved and unaccepted by their parents, although the parents do not feel that.

Rohner�s research result indicates that accepting parenting makes a child feel loved, protected, considered valuable, and supported by his parents. This parenting is very conducive to support in forming pro-social personality, confidence, and independent but very concerned with the environment. Meanwhile, rejecting parenting can make children feel unaccepted, unloved, diminished, and even hated by their parents. Children who are rejected by their parents will become independent people or dependent look but not care about others. In addition, the children will be easily to take offense, and have negative view towards others and towards life, being very aggressive to others, or feeling inferior and worthless.

Definition of Socialization Process

Definition of Socialization Process

Humans as social beings are very difficult to live without the others and a person as a social being most likely only grows in togetherness with others. Coexistence among social creatures can be realized through the process of socialization.

Separately socialization process consists of two syllables; process and socialization. The definition of process is steps in an event in the formation, while the definition of socialization is the process of attitude or behavior formation of the child in accordance with behavior or norms in a group or family. Thus, the definition of socialization process is steps in the formation of attitude or behavior of a child in accordance with the behavior or norms of a group or family.

Here are the definitions of the socialization process according to some experts:

1. According to Krathwohl (1981)

Socialization process is a trying process of a person to be sensitive to the phenomenon in society, adapt and behave like the others in the community or culture.

2. According to Laurence (1988)

Socialization process is a process of education or training someone who has not experienced in a culture of learning and tries to control culture as the behavior aspect.

3. According to Guire (1974)

Socialization process is the process of presenting the possibilities of a person's behavior with positive or negative sanctions that would lead to acceptance or rejection by others.

4. According to Robert M.Z (1985)

Socialization process is the process of studying the norms, values, roles, and all other requirements necessary to enable effective participation in social life.

Definition of Role and Social Status

Definition of Role and Social Status

Role definition According to Robbins (1996) is a set pattern of behavior or actions that are expected related to someone who has a certain position in a social unit.

The definition of Role According to Robert (1985) is behavior pattern that is expected from someone who has a certain status or position in the organization, family, community, school etc.

The definition of Social Status is position or rank defined socially that is given to the group or members of a group by others.

Social status can be divided into two properties; they are objective status and subjective status. Status which is objective is an order of rights and obligations hierarchically in the formal structure of an organization. Status which is subjective is the status of a person as the result of the judgment of others to him.

The criteria that determine the level of a person's social status according to Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) are as follows:

1. Birth

The status of a person can be high or low or have a certain position in an organization just because he was born of a particular family. For example, the royal family is seen to have high social status in society.

2. Personal Quality

A person may have high social status if he has a policy, personality, old age, skill, well-behaved in community.

3. Achievement

A person who has intelligence then subsequently occupies high positions or has a high rank, so the social status is regarded high.

4. Ownership

Ownership is the assessment of a person�s status based on perspective value of the ownership exchange. For example, our assessment of a person�s status is high in order to make us get what we want.

5. Authority

Authority is the legitimate or authenticated power and because the legitimate, then others must follow it without any resistance.

Definition and Object of Sociology

Definition and Object of Sociology

Here are some definitions of Sociology According to some experts.

a. According to Roucekdan Warren

Sociology is a study of the relationship between people and groups.

b. According to William F. Orgburn and Meyer F. Nimkoff

Sociology is scientific study of the social interaction and the result, namely social organization.

c. According to J.A.A. Van Doorn and C.J. Lammers

Sociology is science of community structures and processes that are stable.

d. According to Pitirim A. Sorokin

Sociology is a science that studies the following matters; Relationships and reciprocal influences among the various kinds of social phenomena, such as economical phenomenon and religion, family and moral, legal and economy, and society movement and politic. Relationship and reciprocal influences between social phenomena and nonsocial phenomena. E.g. geographical phenomenon and biological phenomenon. General characteristics of all kinds of social phenomena.

e. According to Selo soemardjan and Soelaeman Soemardi

Sociology or community science is the science that studies social structure and social processes, including social changes. Social structure is the whole relationship among the basic social elements, namely social norms, social institutions, social groups and social layers. Social process is the mutual influence of various aspects of life together.

Sociology Objects

There are two kinds of Sociology objects; material object and formal object.

a. Material object

Material object of sociology is social life, phenomena, and the process of human relationships that affect the unity of human life.

b. Formal object

Formal object of sociology is emphasized on humans as social beings or society. Thus, formal object of sociology is human relationships and the process arising from human relationship in society.

Definition and Function of Norm

Definition of Norm

Norms are rules that are equipped with sanctions for those who break them. Or it can be said as a set of order both written and unwritten that are applicable, and as the daily guideline in society. In the implementation, the norms are applied in all areas of life, such as art, religion, customs, and education. 

Functions of Norm

The functions of norm in society according to Selosoemardjan are as follows: 

a. as life guideline applied to all citizens 

b. Binding every member of society resulting in sanctions to the members who breakit. 

In society,the existing normshave different forcing power. There are norms that have weak, middle, or strong binding. Generally, community members do not brave to break the norms that have strong binding. To be able to differentiate the strength of binding norms, it is known four definition of norm:

a. Usage 

Usage refers to a form of action. This norm has very weakbinding power compared tofolkways. usageis more prominent in the individualrelationship. A deviation of usage will not result in hard punishment, but only reproach. 

b. Folkways 

Folkways have higher binding power than usage. Folkwaysare defined as acts that are repeated in the same form because people like such actions. For example, habit of honoring older people 

c. Mores 

If folkway is not merely as a way of behavior, but it is accepted as the governing norm then the habit becomes mores. Mores reflect natures existing of human groups and implemented as a supervisory tool. Mores, on the one hand, force an action. On the other hand, it is as the prohibition thus directly it becomes a tool to make the community members to adapt theirbehavior with mores. 

d. Custom 

Community mores that integrate strongly with good behavior patterns can be increased to customs. Members of the community who break the customs will get tough sanctions.

Definition of Social Value

Definition of Social Value

Value is something good, desirable, idealized, and considered important by citizens.

The followings are the definitions of social value, according to some experts:

a. According to Young

Social value is as assumptions that are abstract and often not aware of what is right and what is important.

b. According to Green

 Social value is as relatively ongoing awareness with emotion to the objects, ideas, and individuals.

c. According to Woods

Social values ??are general guidelines and longstanding which lead to behavior and satisfaction in daily life.

Based on these opinions, it can be formulated that social values ??are socially guides towards objects, both material and nonmaterial. With this arrangement, the value of dignity of each person measured and placed in a structure based on the ranking that exist in a particular society is abstract. If the attitude and feeling about social values are ??tied together in a system, it is called social value system.

The realization of value in life is valuable thing because it can distinguish between right and wrong, the beautiful and the bad, and the good and the bad. The realization of value in the community is in the form of rewards, punishments, praise, and so on. The source of these values ??is everything related to community.

In principle, the value of a person can be learned from childhood through the process of sociology, and can be learned through the daily life experience. This life experience can be ingrained in society members, but some are temporary.

This experience is often exchanged; if there is a new experience that can provide greater satisfaction they draw up the assumption that what is true and important is abstract, and often unrecognized. The experience can be transmitted by a person or group in society with diverse levels of intensity. This transmission is an important factor in the formation of one's personal in the community.

Definition and Elements of Social System

The definition of social system is a system that consists of social elements. Social elements are made up of social actions done by individuals who interact one to another. In social system, there are individuals who interact and socialize so it creates social relationships.

The elements of social system

According to Selo Soemardjan referring to Loomis�s opinion, social system should consist of nine elements.

a. Trust and Knowledge

Trust and knowledge are the most important elements in social system because the behavior of community members is strongly influenced by what they believe and what they know about the truth, religious system, and ways of worship of the creator.

b. Feeling

Feeling is human�s soul condition with respect to situation of the surrounding nature including human beings.

c. Purpose

 Every human�s action has purpose to be achieved.

d. Norm / rule / Social Regulation

Norms are guidelines about the expected or inappropriate behavior according to the group or community.

e. Status and Role

Status is one's position in society in general with respect to others, in the sense of milieu, achievements, rights, and obligations.

f. Level / rank

Rank is associated with a person's position and role in society. A person with a certain rank means having a proportion of rights and obligations.

g. Power

Power is every ability to influence others. If a person is recognized by the surrounding community, that is called authority.

h. Sanction

Sanction is a form of reward given to a person for his behavior. Sanction can be a gift and can also be a punishment.

i. Facility

Facility is all forms of ways, methods, objects used by humans to create a social system purpose itself.

Source:

Selo soemardjan. 1991. Flower of Sociology. Faculty of Economics UI