Definition and Concept of Financial Management

Definition of Financial Management has developed from the definition of management that only prioritize to the activity of obtaining funds until the activities of obtaining and using funds and management of assets. Financial Management (Finance Management) is the entire activity or activities of the company in the context of the use and allocation of company funds efficiently. According to George R. Terry, management includes four activities often known as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling)

According to Bambang Riyanto: financial management is all company activities related to the procurement of funds required with minimal cost and most favorable conditions with efforts to use the funds as efficiently as possible.

Concept of Financial Management

To perform its functions, a company must perform the functions well, since in the implementation, each function relates each other. Financial management is the management of the financial functions. Meanwhile, the function of finance is the main activities performed by those who are responsible in the particular field. The functions of financial management are using and placing the funds.

Financial management is all company activities related to how the company obtains funds, uses the funds and manages assets in accordance with the overall company's objectives.

Financial management is related to three activities:

Activity of fund use, it is the activity to invest funds in various assets.

Fundraising activity, it is activity to obtain funding sources, both from internal and external funding sources.

Asset management activity, after funds are obtained and allocated in the form of assets, the funds should be managed as efficient as possible.

Financial management is all activities by asset acquisition, financing and management with some overarching objectives. Therefore, decision-making functions of financial management can be divided into three main areas: decisions in respect of investment, financing, and asset management.

Purpose and Steps of Financial Management

Purpose of Financial Management is to maximize the value of a company. Thus, if one day the company is sold, the price can be set as high as possible. A manager must also be able to suppress the flow of money circulation in order to avoid unwanted actions. Efficient financial management needs the existence of purposes and goals, which are used as standard in assessing the efficiency of financial decisions.

The company's goal is maximizing the welfare of the owner. The amount of stock owned shows the ownership evidence of a company. Shareholder wealth is shown by the market price of the company, which is also reflection of investment, financing and asset management decisions. The success of a business decision is judged by the impact on stock prices.

Steps in Financial Management

Management has three important steps; planning, implementation and research, the three steps when implemented financial management becomes financial planning, implementation and assessment steps.

1. Planning (Financial Forecasting)

Financial forecasting in financial management is used to estimate the financial needs in the future. If the financial management does not try to anticipate the future financing needs of the company, then crisis will happen when treasury income is less than treasury outcome. Good planning is intended to anticipate and prepare the company to face the future condition, which, when the company should require the presence of additional finance, and also when the company is not able to generate treasury income.

2. Implementation (financial planning and budgeting)

To obtain more accurate estimate of the amount and timing of financing needs, it requires treasury budget. Percentage method for financial forecasting provides very useful introduction and low cost to develop more detailed treasury budget, which will be used to estimate the financing needs.

3. Research (budget function)

Beside as a tool for planning and management control, budget is also a tool for management to lead an organization in strong or weak position (Nana Fatth, 2000).

Definition and Purposes of Hospital Management

Definition of hospital management is the coordination among the various resources through the process of planning, organizing, and controlling ability to achieve goals.

Hospital management puetrposes are:

1. Preparing resources

2. Evaluating effectiveness

3. Governing the use of service

4. Efficiency

5. Quality

In complex organizational hospital activities, experience will not be enough, the treatment cannot base on guessing and taste only, this is caused by:

1. More difficult and expensive resources

2. Competition era that demands excellent service

3. The development of community demand

Professional management means implementing management in a manner that can be accountable scientifically; it requires a trained person correctly and properly. 

In order to implement patient-oriented services and maintain the quality of service, it is needed reliable management; everything that is needed will be available in the form of:

1. Right amount

2. On time

3. On the target

Management of hospital environment is a management that is not static but dynamic, so adaptation is needed if a change in the hospital happened, which includes resources, processes and hospital activities, also in case of change beyond the hospital, such as law and knowledge changes caused by technological developments.

The most important benefit that can be obtained when implementing management system of hospital environment is environment and public health protections. Hospital management specifications will provide an outline of environmental management designed for all aspects; operations, products, and services of the hospital integrated and interrelated

Principles of Financial Management

Principles of Financial Management

Financial Management in practice is an activity performed and appearing in order to make the finance of the company or organization ideal.

Therefore, in making financial management system, we need the following principles as the basis:

1. Consistency

In this principle, a system and financial policy must be consistent, not change from period to period, but keep in mind that the financial system does not mean that there is no adjustment if there is a significant change in the company.

2. Accountability

This principle is a moral or legal obligation, which is inherent to the individual, group or company to give explanation of how the funds or authority given to a 3rd party used.

3. Transparency

Management should be open to the work, provide information about the plan and all the activities concerned, including providing reasonable, complete, timely and accurate financial report which can be accessed easily by an interested party, if it is not transparent, it can indicate that management has hide something.

4. Viability

To maintain the financial company, all operational outcome or at strategic level must be adjusted to the existing funds.

5. Integrity 

Every individual should have integrity level that is capable in running operations. In addition, the records and financial report must be maintained the integrity with the completeness and the accuracy of financial records.

6. Stewardship

Financial management should be able to manage capably of the funds obtained and provide assurance that funds received will be used to realize the goals that have been set.

7. Accounting Standards

Financial accounting system used must be in accordance with the principles and standards of applicable accounting rules to make the financial report produced easily perceived and understood by all interested parties.

Functions of Human Resource Management

There are some functions of human resource management:

1. Planning 

It is a conscious effort in making a decision that has been considered about what will be done in the future by a company to achieve the intended purpose.

2. Recruitment 

Effective recruitment will provide an employment opportunity for people who have the ability and skills meeting the qualifications and specifications of the job.

3. Selection

Selection of labor is the process of finding suitable and right employment of the candidates available.

4. Orientation, Training and Development

All activities to provide, obtain, and improve and develop job competence, productivities, discipline, attitude and work ethos at certain skill and expertise levels in accordance with the level and qualification of the job and position.

5. Work Evaluation

It is not less important than the other management functions. Evaluation Function of human resource management is useful so that the company no longer makes the same mistake.

6. Compensation

Compensation function is granting of fair and decent remuneration based on the labor responsibilities and achievement.

7. Integration

The integration is the activity to unite between the company interests and the needs of employees, thus it creates beneficial partnership to both parties.

8. Maintenance

Maintenance function is activity to maintain or even improve mental, physical and loyalty conditions of workers in order to create long cooperation.

9. Dismissal

It is discontinuation of employment relationship between the labor and the company caused by something that resulted in the rights and obligations ended between the employer (company) and employee. 

Functions of Financial Management

Functions of Financial Management

a. Investment Decision

Investment is defined as an investment of company in real and financial assets. Financial decision is a decision on what assets will be managed by the company. Investment decision will directly influence to the amount of investment profitability (return on investment) and treasury flow of the company in the future.

b. Financing Decision

Financing decision studies funding sources on the liabilities side. Therefore, it needs to be considered a source of funds that has most minimal costs and favorable conditions. Fulfillment of funds can be done through internal and external company resources.

c. Dividend Decision

This decision is made to determine:

1. The amount of profit percentage distributed to shareholders in the form of cash dividends

2. The dividend stability to be distributed

3. Stock dividend

4. Stock split

5. Withdrawal of stock outstanding.

Here is a brief explanation of Financial Management Functions:

Financial planning, making income and outcome planning and other activities for a certain period.

Financial budgeting, following up of financial planning to make detailed outcome and income.

Financial Management, using company funds to maximize the funds available in a variety of ways.

Financial searching, finding out and exploiting the resources available for the operational activities of the company.

Financial storage, collecting funds and saving and securing the funds.

Financial control, evaluation and improvement of finances and financial systems in the company.

Financial Audit, internal audit on the financial company to avoid deviations.

Financial reporting, providing information about the company's financial condition as well as evaluation.

Definition and Scope of Social Research

Definition of social research is a scientific study about society and how people behave and affect each other.

Social research investigates outside the direct experience of researchers and helps to explain how communities are formed, for example, economic growth, the implementation of legal, politics or etc.

Scopes of Social Research are:

1. Demographic and Social Statistics, Methods and Computation

Demography is the study of changes and population trends using resources such as birth data, death and disease and others.

Social Statistics, Methods and Computational involve the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data.

2. Developmental Study, Human Geography and Environmental Planning

Developmental study is a multidisciplinary branch of social sciences that discusses about various social and economic issues related to the development or study of poor countries.

Human geography studies people, society and culture, especially regarding the impact on the environmental changes.

Environmental planning explores decision-making process in managing the system of human and nature relationship.

3. Economics, Management and Business Study

Economics tries to understand how individuals interact in the social structure to answer key questions about the production and exchange of goods and services.

Management and Business Study explore various aspects related to business management such as strategic and operational, organizational psychology, work relationship, marketing, accounting, finance and logistics.

4. Education, Social Anthropology and Linguistics

Education is one of the most important social sciences that explores how people learn and develop.

Social anthropology is the study of how society and human social structures are organized and understandable.

Linguistics focuses on language and how people communicate through the spoken voice and words.

5. Legal, Economic and Social History

Legal focuses on the rule made by the government and people to make sure the society becoming more orderly.

Economic and Social History see the past events to learn from history and to more understand the process of contemporary society.

6. Politics and International Relations

Politics focuses on democracy and the relationship between humans and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels.

International Relation is the study of relationship among countries, including the role of other organizations.

7. Psychology and Sociology

Psychology studies the human mind and tries to understand how people and groups experience a variety of emotions, ideas, and awareness.

Sociology involves a group of people, not individuals, and tries to understand how people relate to each other and function as a society or a social sub-group.

8. Technology Study

Technology Study relates to the role of technology in society, the policy and debates that form modern technology.

9. Social Policy

Social policy is interdisciplinary and subject concerned on community responses analysis to social needs with focus on the aspects of society, economy and the implementation of policies to improve social justice.

Types of Compensation

There are some types of compensation that we know in the empowerment of human resources. Typically, giving these compensation types depends on each management. So, there is difference in compensation between one management and other management.

Mathis and Jackson (2002) divided the compensation into two types; intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external). Internal compensation includes praise earned for completing a project or successfully meeting some work purposes. They also said that the other psychological and social effects of compensation are also illustration of internal compensation.

External compensation is measured, has the monetary and non-monetary rewards. External compensation is divided into two types; direct compensation and indirect compensation; the direct compensation includes base salary and variable salary, while indirect compensation includes employee benefits.

Leap and Crino (1993) classified the types of compensation as follows:

1. Wages and salary, wage is a payment for work based on the time per hour or per day, while salary is a payment for the work by the week, month, or year.

2. Incentive programs are additional compensations beyond the salary or wages, incentive programs are in the form of bonuses or stock ownership of entity.

3. Employee benefit programs, these programs are given in the form of insurance, holiday allowance and pensions.

4. Perquisites, it is an income

Other types of compensation are health benefits, child allowance, wife or husband allowance, etc.

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Health research is a step of scientific method oriented or focusing the activities on the problems that arise in the health field. Health itself consists of two principal sub-areas; the first is individual health oriented on clinical treatment. The second is sub-field oriented on group or community that is prevention. Furthermore, these sub health fields consist of various disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, health service management, nutrition etc. The sub-fields are interrelated and affect public health in general.

So, based on this background, health research can be interpreted as an attempt to understand the problems faced in the health in promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and issues related to the elements; by searching for evidence and conducted through certain steps that are scientific, systematic and logic (Notoatmodjo, 1993).

Health Research Objectives

In general, health research objectives according to Notoatmodjo (1993) are:

1. Finding or testing new facts or old facts with respect to the health field.

2. Conducting an analysis of the relationship among the facts found in the health field.

3. Explaining about the facts found and the relationship with existing theories.

4. Developing a new method or concept in the health services to improve public health.

Benefits of Health Research

In short, the benefits of health research are:

1. Research results can be used to describe the health state or status of individuals, groups or communities.

2. The results can be used to describe the ability of resources and the possibility of these resources in order to support the development of health services.

3. The results can be used as study materials to find the cause of health problems or failures in the health service. So, it can be used as a reference to find an alternative solution or problem solving.

4. The results of health research can be used as a means to formulate policy of health care development.

Pengertian, Tujuan, Sasaran Manajemen Risiko

Pengertian Manajemen Risiko atau Risk Management adalah semua risiko yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat (kerugian harta, jiwa, keuangan, usaha dan lain-lain) ditinjau dari segi manajemen perusahaan. 

Tujuan Manajemen Risiko yang hendak dicapai adalah mencegah kegagalan perusahaan, mengurangi pengeluaran, menaikkan keuntungan perusahaan, menekan biaya produksi dan lain sebagainya. 

Sasaran Manajemen Risiko adalah sebagai berikut : 

1. Untuk kelangsungan hidup perusahaan (survival). 

2. Ketenangan dalam berpikir. 

3. Memperkecil biaya (least cost). 

4. Menstabilisasi pendapatan perusahaan. 

5. Memperkecil atau meniadakan dalam berproduksi. 

6. Mengembangkan pertumbuhan perusahaan. 

7. Mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial terhadap karyawan. 

Sumber Tulisan : 

Abbas Salim, 2007, Asuransi & Manajemen Risiko, RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta.

Hospital Sanitation

Definition of hospital sanitation is an effort to become healthy hospital environment. Sanitation is a way to prevent an outbreak of infectious disease by breaking the chain of the sources. Sanitation is a public health effort that focuses on mastery of various environmental factors that affect health status.

Environmental health is protection, management, and environmental modification efforts that are directed to ecological balance at the level of human welfare increasing.

Health of hospital environment is defined as restructure and surveillance efforts of hospital environment that may be risky causing disease and health problems for the community, so that the community health status is created as high as possible.

Efforts of hospital environmental health include complex activities that require handling of cross-program and cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary dimension, it is necessary for sufficient energy and infrastructure in health surveillance of hospital environment.

Function of Educational Philosophy

The function of educational philosophy is to investigate comparison of the influences (1) of the competitive philosophies in the process of life and (2) of the possibility of educational processes and character development in order to find the desired educational management to foster the most constructive character for the youth and old. In addition, the function of educational philosophy is also to help pedagogical purposes which include four interrelated aspects, namely the functions of analysis, evaluation, speculative, and integrative. The same thing also was disclosed by Brameld that the function of educational philosophy is as a tool of analysis, criticism, synthesis and evaluation.

Brubacher in detail stated that the functions of educational philosophy are as follows:

1. Speculative Function

Function of Education is trying to understand the whole issue of education and to formulate it in a basic description as a scientific data complement. Philosophy of education also tries to understand the whole issue of education and its relationship with other factors that affect education.

2. Normative Function

The function of educational philosophy is as direction, guidance for the realization of education. This principle is summed up in educational purpose, which is to build an ideal society and establish norms aspired. Educational philosophy provides norms and consideration for the normative and scientific realities to form culture.

3. Criticism Function

Function of educational philosophy is to provide basis of rational critical definition in considering and interpreting the scientific data. For example is measurement data of evaluation analysis, both personality and achievement. Criticism function also means analysis and comparative on something to get a conclusion. In this case, philosophy of education can set achievement classification appropriately with objective data (figures, statistics). In addition, philosophy of education is able to set assumptions or more reasonable hypothesis. Philosophy should be competent to overcome the weaknesses found by the scientific field and complete them with the data and arguments which do not come from scientific data.

4. Theory to Practice Function

All ideas, conceptions, analysis, and conclusions of educational philosophy serve as theory. This theory is the basis for the implementation / educational practice. Philosophy provides general principles for a practice.

5. Integrative Function

Educational philosophy has integrative function which is based on the understanding that philosophy of education is as spiritual principle or spirit of education.

Natural Odontalgia Remedies

Natural Odontalgia Remedies   
                Not many folks ar attentive to the actual fact that many herbs will be employed in the relief of odontalgia pain. Natural herbs like cloves, calendula, tarragon, and milfoil will be accustomed facilitate relieve th pain till you'll get to the medical practitioner. for several years, completely different cultures have counted on herbs to assist get the pain of a odontalgia management and find temporary relief.

Native Americans as an example, used the inner bark found within the walnut to their gums to induce relief from toothaches. The walnut is found in North America, and is additionally the cousin-german of the black nut tree. Butternut trees ar found on rivers in well drained soil, rich woods, and even in back yards. Once the tree matures, it will reach heights of up to sixty feet, with the bark being light-weight gray in color, and therefore the leaves and therefore the fruit resembling the black nut tree. The bark of the tree will be applied to the gums, serving to to alleviate odontalgia pain.

Yarrow on the opposite hand, will be found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It usually grows wild in meadows, fields, and in open wood lands. the basis of milfoil, is what contains the anaesthetic result. If you apply the recent root of milfoil to your tooth or gums, it'll facilitate to prevent the pain � till you'll get a meeting with the medical practitioner and find it taken care of.

The herb called clove is Associate in Nursing evergreen tree, native to tropical areas. lately but, it will be found throughout the globe. As several already apprehend, the dried bud of clove is what contains the drugs. The oil from clove, once used on a odontalgia, can facilitate to prevent the pain quickly. If you compare cloves to different natural odontalgia remedies, you�ll realize clove to be the most effective.

For many years, natural herbs are accustomed stop odontalgia pain. many years past, herbs were the sole thanks to stop the pain. Dentists were simply beginning to return around, though they didn�t have close to the instrumentality and class that they need lately. although teeth were force throughout these times, it usually happened with alcohol to numb the pain then pliers to get rid of the tooth.

Throughout the course of your time, herbs have evidenced to be terribly effective with stopping odontalgia pain. If you're inquisitive about herbs or have any questions on them, you shouldn�t hesitate to raise your medical practitioner his opinion. Dentists apprehend herbs, and may be ready to advocate natural remedies to you if you request them. succeeding time you expertise the pain of a odontalgia � you must invariably bear in mind that herbs ar a good thanks to relieve the pain.

Definition of Character Education

What is Character Education?

Education is conscious and deliberate effort to create learning atmosphere and learning process to make the learners actively developing their self-potential to have spiritual power of religion, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed for them, society, nation and country.

Based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2008), Character is psychological traits, morals or manners that distinguish one person to another. Thus, character is unique values that hardwired within and manifested in behavior. Character coherently emanates from the results of paradigm, heart manner, feeling and intention manners, and physical manner of a person or group.

Character is also often associated with the term �temperament� that is more emphasis on psychosocial definition associated with education and environmental contexts. Meanwhile, character seen from behavioral perspective is more emphasizes on somatopsychological element owned by a person since birth. Thus, it can be said that the process of a person�s character development is influenced by many unique factors of the person concerned which is also called congenital factor (nature) and environmental factor (nurture) in which the person concerned grows and develops. Congenital factors may be said to be beyond the reach of the community and individuals to influence it. Meanwhile, environmental factor is factor that is in the range of community and individuals. So, the effort of a person�s development or character education can be done by the community or individuals as parts of environment through modification of environmental factor. 

Character Education Factors

Environmental factor in character education context has very important role because behavioral changes of learners as the result of character education process are determined by the environmental factor. In other words, the formation and modification of environment includes physical environment and school culture, school management, curriculum, educators, and teaching methods.

Character formation through environmental factor modification can be done through the following strategies:

1. Modeling

2. Intervention

3. Habituation conducted consistently

4. Reinforcement

In other words, the development and formation of character requires modeling development transmitted, intervention through the learning process, training, and habituation continuously in the long time that is done consistently and reinforcement and should be accompanied by noble values.