Definition of Role and Social Status

Definition of Role and Social Status

Role definition According to Robbins (1996) is a set pattern of behavior or actions that are expected related to someone who has a certain position in a social unit.

The definition of Role According to Robert (1985) is behavior pattern that is expected from someone who has a certain status or position in the organization, family, community, school etc.

The definition of Social Status is position or rank defined socially that is given to the group or members of a group by others.

Social status can be divided into two properties; they are objective status and subjective status. Status which is objective is an order of rights and obligations hierarchically in the formal structure of an organization. Status which is subjective is the status of a person as the result of the judgment of others to him.

The criteria that determine the level of a person's social status according to Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) are as follows:

1. Birth

The status of a person can be high or low or have a certain position in an organization just because he was born of a particular family. For example, the royal family is seen to have high social status in society.

2. Personal Quality

A person may have high social status if he has a policy, personality, old age, skill, well-behaved in community.

3. Achievement

A person who has intelligence then subsequently occupies high positions or has a high rank, so the social status is regarded high.

4. Ownership

Ownership is the assessment of a person�s status based on perspective value of the ownership exchange. For example, our assessment of a person�s status is high in order to make us get what we want.

5. Authority

Authority is the legitimate or authenticated power and because the legitimate, then others must follow it without any resistance.

Definition of Socialization Process

Definition of Socialization Process

Humans as social beings are very difficult to live without the others and a person as a social being most likely only grows in togetherness with others. Coexistence among social creatures can be realized through the process of socialization.

Separately socialization process consists of two syllables; process and socialization. The definition of process is steps in an event in the formation, while the definition of socialization is the process of attitude or behavior formation of the child in accordance with behavior or norms in a group or family. Thus, the definition of socialization process is steps in the formation of attitude or behavior of a child in accordance with the behavior or norms of a group or family.

Here are the definitions of the socialization process according to some experts:

1. According to Krathwohl (1981)

Socialization process is a trying process of a person to be sensitive to the phenomenon in society, adapt and behave like the others in the community or culture.

2. According to Laurence (1988)

Socialization process is a process of education or training someone who has not experienced in a culture of learning and tries to control culture as the behavior aspect.

3. According to Guire (1974)

Socialization process is the process of presenting the possibilities of a person's behavior with positive or negative sanctions that would lead to acceptance or rejection by others.

4. According to Robert M.Z (1985)

Socialization process is the process of studying the norms, values, roles, and all other requirements necessary to enable effective participation in social life.

Definition and Characteristics of Constitutional State

Definition and Characteristics of Constitutional State

Many experts have explained about the definition of constitutional state, the followings are the definitions of constitutional state according to some experts:

1. According to Wirjono Prodjodikoro

- All equipment of state, especially equipment of government in the action both to the citizens and the state are interconnected respectively, should not be arbitrary, but must pay attention to the applicable regulations.

- All persons (residents) in public relation should obey to the applicable regulations.

2. According to Aristoteles

It is a state that stands above the law that guarantees justice to the citizens.

3. According to Hugo Krabbe

State should be constitutional state (rechtsstaat) and each state action must be based on law or should be accountable to the law.

4. According to F.R. Bothlingk

A state which the freedom of power holder will is restricted by law.

Characteristics of constitutional state, among others:

1. According to Friedrich Julius Stahl from Continental European legal experts:

a. Human rights

b. Separation or division of powers to ensure human rights that is commonly known as Trias Politica

c. Government based on rules

d. Administration of justice in disputes

2. According to AV Dicey of Anglo-Saxon legal experts:

a. Supremacy of law, it means that there must be no arbitrariness, so one can only be punished if they break the law.

b. Equal footing in the law, both for ordinary people and officials

c. Ensuring human rights in legislation or court decisions

Definition and Elements of State

Definition of State According to some Experts

According to Prof. Sumantri, state is an organization of power. Therefore, in every country, it is always encountered organ or tools that have the ability to impose the will to anyone residing in the territory.

According to John Locke and Rousseau, state is an agency or organization as the result of public agreement.

According to Max Weber, state is a community that has monopoly on the use of physical force legitimately in certain area.

According to Mac Iver, a state should have three main elements; territory, people, and government.

According to Roger F.Soleau, state is a tool or authority to control and regulate issues that are shared in the name of community.

According to Prof. Mr. Soenarko, State is a community organization that has certain area where state authority applies absolutely as sovereignty.

Prof. Miriam Budiardjo provided the definition of State that is the organization in an area that can legitimately impose the authority on all other power groups and can set goals of the life together. 

Elements of state according to experts:

According to G. Pringgodigdo

1. Must be a sovereign government

2. Have a specific region

3. There are people who live regularly as the nation of state

According to Oppenheimer and Lauterpacht

1. United people 

2. Area or region

3. Sovereign government

4. Recognition of other countries

According to Montevideo Convention 1933

1. There are people

2. There is ??permanent area

3. The existence of sovereign power

4. Undertaking associated with other countries

5. Recognition of other countries

Definition and Function of Norm

Definition of Norm

Norms are rules that are equipped with sanctions for those who break them. Or it can be said as a set of order both written and unwritten that are applicable, and as the daily guideline in society. In the implementation, the norms are applied in all areas of life, such as art, religion, customs, and education. 

Functions of Norm

The functions of norm in society according to Selosoemardjan are as follows: 

a. as life guideline applied to all citizens 

b. Binding every member of society resulting in sanctions to the members who breakit. 

In society,the existing normshave different forcing power. There are norms that have weak, middle, or strong binding. Generally, community members do not brave to break the norms that have strong binding. To be able to differentiate the strength of binding norms, it is known four definition of norm:

a. Usage 

Usage refers to a form of action. This norm has very weakbinding power compared tofolkways. usageis more prominent in the individualrelationship. A deviation of usage will not result in hard punishment, but only reproach. 

b. Folkways 

Folkways have higher binding power than usage. Folkwaysare defined as acts that are repeated in the same form because people like such actions. For example, habit of honoring older people 

c. Mores 

If folkway is not merely as a way of behavior, but it is accepted as the governing norm then the habit becomes mores. Mores reflect natures existing of human groups and implemented as a supervisory tool. Mores, on the one hand, force an action. On the other hand, it is as the prohibition thus directly it becomes a tool to make the community members to adapt theirbehavior with mores. 

d. Custom 

Community mores that integrate strongly with good behavior patterns can be increased to customs. Members of the community who break the customs will get tough sanctions.

Definition and Concept of Financial Management

Definition of Financial Management has developed from the definition of management that only prioritize to the activity of obtaining funds until the activities of obtaining and using funds and management of assets. Financial Management (Finance Management) is the entire activity or activities of the company in the context of the use and allocation of company funds efficiently. According to George R. Terry, management includes four activities often known as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling)

According to Bambang Riyanto: financial management is all company activities related to the procurement of funds required with minimal cost and most favorable conditions with efforts to use the funds as efficiently as possible.

Concept of Financial Management

To perform its functions, a company must perform the functions well, since in the implementation, each function relates each other. Financial management is the management of the financial functions. Meanwhile, the function of finance is the main activities performed by those who are responsible in the particular field. The functions of financial management are using and placing the funds.

Financial management is all company activities related to how the company obtains funds, uses the funds and manages assets in accordance with the overall company's objectives.

Financial management is related to three activities:

Activity of fund use, it is the activity to invest funds in various assets.

Fundraising activity, it is activity to obtain funding sources, both from internal and external funding sources.

Asset management activity, after funds are obtained and allocated in the form of assets, the funds should be managed as efficient as possible.

Financial management is all activities by asset acquisition, financing and management with some overarching objectives. Therefore, decision-making functions of financial management can be divided into three main areas: decisions in respect of investment, financing, and asset management.

Definition and Types of Small Business

Small Business is a pillar of the economy of a country. For example, in United State, more than 80% of the business is small business.

John Naisbitt in his lecture on global entrepreneur forum 95 in Singapore stated that there is a tendency towards 2000. The tendency includes shifting world activities and great players or conglomerates to the direction of small players that use a business in small and medium scale.

He also mentioned that the small players will be major players in the great economy.

Definition of business is all activities that seek profits by obtaining the necessities of goods and services to others (Nickels, McHugh, and McHugh, 1996).

The definition of small business is a business owned independently and the activities are not dominant and meet certain standards (Luthans and Hodgetts, 1989).

Types of small business are as follows:

1. Services Business 

2. Retail Business 

3. Wholesale Business 

4. Manufacturing Business 

5. Agricultural Business 

References:

Nickels, W.G., McHugh, J.M., McHugh, S.M, 1996, Understanding Business, Chicago : Irwin.

Luthans, F, Hodgetts, R.M, 1989, Business, Chicago : The Dryden Press.

Definition of Socialization Process

Separately, socialization process consists of two syllables, process and socialization. 

The definition of process is stages in an event in the formation, while Socialization is the process of child�s attitude or behavior forming in accordance with the behavior or norms in a group or family.

Thus, socialization process is stages in the formation of child�s attitude or behavior in accordance with the behavior or norms in a group or family.

The definition of socialization process according to some experts:

1. According to Krathwohl (1981)

Socialization process is a process that exploits someone to be sensitive to society stimulation and adapt and behave like others in the group society or culture.

2. Laurence (1988)

It is the process of education or training of someone who has not experienced in a culture of learning and tries to master the culture as behavior aspects.

3. Guire (1974)

It is the process of presenting the individual behavior possibilities with positive or negative sanctions that would lead to acceptance or rejection by others.

4. Lawang, Robert M.Z (1985)

It is the process of studying the norms, values, roles, and all other requirements necessary to enable effective participation in social life.

Definition, Functions and Purposes of Compensation

The definition of compensation can be interpreted as remuneration given by employer to workers / employees, because these employees have donated the energy, thoughts and time to the business development.

Basically, all companies provide compensation to its employees aiming to appreciate and give a reward for what they have done to a company in the case of energy, time, and thought. 

Compensation is proven to be very effective because it can motivate employees achieving the best performance. 

Compensation functions are:

1. Allocating human resources efficiently

2. Using human resources effectively and efficiently

3. Encouraging stability and economic development

Compensation purposes are:

1. Meeting the economic needs or providing economic security for employees

2. Connecting income, contributions, and employee productivity

3. Connecting income and the company's financial success

4. Maintaining a balance and fairness in compensation to employees

Without mutual compensation between companies and employees, there is reduction of employee performance, the production that does not meet the target and not harmonious relationship between employers and employees.

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Definition of System According to Some Experts

Here are some definitions of system according to some experts.

1. L. James Havery

System is logical and rational procedure to perform or design a series of components that are related to each other.

2. Gordon B. Davis

A system consists of parts interrelated that operate together to achieve some goals and intents.

3. Salisbury

System is a group of parts or components that work together as a unified function.

4. John Mc Manama

System is a conceptual structure composed of functions that are interconnected and work as an organic unity to achieve the desired results effectively and efficiently.

5. Ludwig Von Bartalanfy

System is a set of elements that are bound in inter-relationships among the elements and the environment.

6. Indrajid

System implies the sets of components owned by the element that are related each other.

7. C.W. Churchman

System is a set of parts that are coordinated in tune and harmonious to carry out the objectives set.

8. Andri Kristanto

The system is a network of procedures interconnected, gathered together to do an activity or solve a particular target.

9. Edgar F. Huse and James L. Bowdict

System is a series or series of parts related and relies in such a way to cause the interaction and mutual influence.

10. O'brien

System is a group of related components, working together to achieve a common goal by receiving input and producing output in an orderly transformation.

11. Bertalanffy

System is a set of components that interacts each other and work together to achieve the same goal.

12. Djekky R. Djoht

System is aggregation or grouping objects united by some interaction forms that are fixed and interdependent, a group of different units, which are combined by nature or art so it forms an integral whole and functioning, operation, or moving in a unitary. 

13. Jogianto

System is a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal.

14. Azhar Susanto

System is a collection / group of any sub-systems / parts / components, either physical or non-physical that relate to each other and work together in harmony to achieve a certain goal.

15. Umar Fahmi Achmadi

System is a structure describing the existence of a series of different components that have relationship and common goal in harmonious and coordinated that work or run within a certain time and planned.

16. Koentjaraningrat

System is functioning and moving arrangement.

17. Mulyadi

System is basically a group of elements that are closely associated with each other, which function together to achieve certain goals.

Definition and Elements of Social System

The definition of social system is a system that consists of social elements. Social elements are made up of social actions done by individuals who interact one to another. In social system, there are individuals who interact and socialize so it creates social relationships.

The elements of social system

According to Selo Soemardjan referring to Loomis�s opinion, social system should consist of nine elements.

a. Trust and Knowledge

Trust and knowledge are the most important elements in social system because the behavior of community members is strongly influenced by what they believe and what they know about the truth, religious system, and ways of worship of the creator.

b. Feeling

Feeling is human�s soul condition with respect to situation of the surrounding nature including human beings.

c. Purpose

 Every human�s action has purpose to be achieved.

d. Norm / rule / Social Regulation

Norms are guidelines about the expected or inappropriate behavior according to the group or community.

e. Status and Role

Status is one's position in society in general with respect to others, in the sense of milieu, achievements, rights, and obligations.

f. Level / rank

Rank is associated with a person's position and role in society. A person with a certain rank means having a proportion of rights and obligations.

g. Power

Power is every ability to influence others. If a person is recognized by the surrounding community, that is called authority.

h. Sanction

Sanction is a form of reward given to a person for his behavior. Sanction can be a gift and can also be a punishment.

i. Facility

Facility is all forms of ways, methods, objects used by humans to create a social system purpose itself.

Source:

Selo soemardjan. 1991. Flower of Sociology. Faculty of Economics UI

Definition and Characteristic of Society

What is the definition of society?

Here are the definitions of society according to the experts:

1. According to J.L. Gilin and J.P. Gilin

Society is group that is scattered with the same feeling of unity.

2. According to Max Weber

Society is a structure or action which is principally determined by the dominant expectations and values on its citizens.

3. According to Emile Durkheim

According to this sociologist, society is an objective reality of individuals who are the members.

4. According to Karl Marx

Society is a structure that suffers organization tension or development because of the conflict among the groups fragmented economically.

5. According to M.J. Herskovits

Society is group of individuals who are organized and follow a certain way of life.

 6. According to Selo soemardjan

Society is people who live together and produce culture.

The characteristics of society are as follows:

1. People who live with at least consisting of two people.

2. Associating in a long time. As a result of living with, there are communication system and regulations that govern human relations.

3. Being Aware that they are unity.

4. It is a system of living together. The system raises culture because they feel related to each other.

Definition and Scope of Social Research

Definition of social research is a scientific study about society and how people behave and affect each other.

Social research investigates outside the direct experience of researchers and helps to explain how communities are formed, for example, economic growth, the implementation of legal, politics or etc.

Scopes of Social Research are:

1. Demographic and Social Statistics, Methods and Computation

Demography is the study of changes and population trends using resources such as birth data, death and disease and others.

Social Statistics, Methods and Computational involve the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data.

2. Developmental Study, Human Geography and Environmental Planning

Developmental study is a multidisciplinary branch of social sciences that discusses about various social and economic issues related to the development or study of poor countries.

Human geography studies people, society and culture, especially regarding the impact on the environmental changes.

Environmental planning explores decision-making process in managing the system of human and nature relationship.

3. Economics, Management and Business Study

Economics tries to understand how individuals interact in the social structure to answer key questions about the production and exchange of goods and services.

Management and Business Study explore various aspects related to business management such as strategic and operational, organizational psychology, work relationship, marketing, accounting, finance and logistics.

4. Education, Social Anthropology and Linguistics

Education is one of the most important social sciences that explores how people learn and develop.

Social anthropology is the study of how society and human social structures are organized and understandable.

Linguistics focuses on language and how people communicate through the spoken voice and words.

5. Legal, Economic and Social History

Legal focuses on the rule made by the government and people to make sure the society becoming more orderly.

Economic and Social History see the past events to learn from history and to more understand the process of contemporary society.

6. Politics and International Relations

Politics focuses on democracy and the relationship between humans and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels.

International Relation is the study of relationship among countries, including the role of other organizations.

7. Psychology and Sociology

Psychology studies the human mind and tries to understand how people and groups experience a variety of emotions, ideas, and awareness.

Sociology involves a group of people, not individuals, and tries to understand how people relate to each other and function as a society or a social sub-group.

8. Technology Study

Technology Study relates to the role of technology in society, the policy and debates that form modern technology.

9. Social Policy

Social policy is interdisciplinary and subject concerned on community responses analysis to social needs with focus on the aspects of society, economy and the implementation of policies to improve social justice.

Definition of Educational Philosophy

Definition of Educational Philosophy according to some experts:

Philosophy of education is a regular activity of the thought, which makes philosophy as a way to organize, harmonize and integrate the educational process. (Al-Syaibani 1979)

Philosophy of education is a fundamental basic skill formation, concerning to the power of thought (intellectual), the power of feeling (emotional), and human nature (John Dewey, 1957).

Educational philosophy is a science that is essentially the answer to the questions in the field of education. Philosophy of education is an application of philosophical analysis to the field of education. (Imam Barnadit, 1993)

In the relationship between philosophy (general) and philosophy of education, philosophy of education has some limitations.

(1) Philosophy of education is a view implementation of philosophy and philosophical principles in the field of human experience called education. Thus, educational philosophy tries to explain and clarify that this human experience is appropriate to new life. Educational philosophy contains an attempt to find concepts that put human in the midst of various symptoms in educational process. Then, it can also attempt to explain the various meanings that become the basis of educational concepts with the foundation aspects of human attention.

(2) Studying philosophy of education because of the belief that the study is very important in the effort to improve education. Educational issues related to guidance, assessment, method and others are the responsibility of educational philosophy that relies on the guidance of students� behavior and attitudes towards society.

(3) Educational philosophy has principles, beliefs, concepts that are integrated each other. The principles intended are beliefs to the problems of education. It is disclosed to be the basis of statements, plans, programs, curriculum and teaching rules, which of course are expected to find solutions to the educational problems.

Philosophy (general) and philosophy of education have a close relationship. The goals are same; to strive together in developing human life.

Definition of Social Value

Definition of Social Value

Value is something good, desirable, idealized, and considered important by citizens.

The followings are the definitions of social value, according to some experts:

a. According to Young

Social value is as assumptions that are abstract and often not aware of what is right and what is important.

b. According to Green

 Social value is as relatively ongoing awareness with emotion to the objects, ideas, and individuals.

c. According to Woods

Social values ??are general guidelines and longstanding which lead to behavior and satisfaction in daily life.

Based on these opinions, it can be formulated that social values ??are socially guides towards objects, both material and nonmaterial. With this arrangement, the value of dignity of each person measured and placed in a structure based on the ranking that exist in a particular society is abstract. If the attitude and feeling about social values are ??tied together in a system, it is called social value system.

The realization of value in life is valuable thing because it can distinguish between right and wrong, the beautiful and the bad, and the good and the bad. The realization of value in the community is in the form of rewards, punishments, praise, and so on. The source of these values ??is everything related to community.

In principle, the value of a person can be learned from childhood through the process of sociology, and can be learned through the daily life experience. This life experience can be ingrained in society members, but some are temporary.

This experience is often exchanged; if there is a new experience that can provide greater satisfaction they draw up the assumption that what is true and important is abstract, and often unrecognized. The experience can be transmitted by a person or group in society with diverse levels of intensity. This transmission is an important factor in the formation of one's personal in the community.

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Definition, Objective and Benefit of Health Research

Health research is a step of scientific method oriented or focusing the activities on the problems that arise in the health field. Health itself consists of two principal sub-areas; the first is individual health oriented on clinical treatment. The second is sub-field oriented on group or community that is prevention. Furthermore, these sub health fields consist of various disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, health service management, nutrition etc. The sub-fields are interrelated and affect public health in general.

So, based on this background, health research can be interpreted as an attempt to understand the problems faced in the health in promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and issues related to the elements; by searching for evidence and conducted through certain steps that are scientific, systematic and logic (Notoatmodjo, 1993).

Health Research Objectives

In general, health research objectives according to Notoatmodjo (1993) are:

1. Finding or testing new facts or old facts with respect to the health field.

2. Conducting an analysis of the relationship among the facts found in the health field.

3. Explaining about the facts found and the relationship with existing theories.

4. Developing a new method or concept in the health services to improve public health.

Benefits of Health Research

In short, the benefits of health research are:

1. Research results can be used to describe the health state or status of individuals, groups or communities.

2. The results can be used to describe the ability of resources and the possibility of these resources in order to support the development of health services.

3. The results can be used as study materials to find the cause of health problems or failures in the health service. So, it can be used as a reference to find an alternative solution or problem solving.

4. The results of health research can be used as a means to formulate policy of health care development.

Definition and Object of Sociology

Definition and Object of Sociology

Here are some definitions of Sociology According to some experts.

a. According to Roucekdan Warren

Sociology is a study of the relationship between people and groups.

b. According to William F. Orgburn and Meyer F. Nimkoff

Sociology is scientific study of the social interaction and the result, namely social organization.

c. According to J.A.A. Van Doorn and C.J. Lammers

Sociology is science of community structures and processes that are stable.

d. According to Pitirim A. Sorokin

Sociology is a science that studies the following matters; Relationships and reciprocal influences among the various kinds of social phenomena, such as economical phenomenon and religion, family and moral, legal and economy, and society movement and politic. Relationship and reciprocal influences between social phenomena and nonsocial phenomena. E.g. geographical phenomenon and biological phenomenon. General characteristics of all kinds of social phenomena.

e. According to Selo soemardjan and Soelaeman Soemardi

Sociology or community science is the science that studies social structure and social processes, including social changes. Social structure is the whole relationship among the basic social elements, namely social norms, social institutions, social groups and social layers. Social process is the mutual influence of various aspects of life together.

Sociology Objects

There are two kinds of Sociology objects; material object and formal object.

a. Material object

Material object of sociology is social life, phenomena, and the process of human relationships that affect the unity of human life.

b. Formal object

Formal object of sociology is emphasized on humans as social beings or society. Thus, formal object of sociology is human relationships and the process arising from human relationship in society.

Definition and Aspects of Health Law

The definition of health law is all legal provisions that are directly related to health care and the application.

It concerns to the rights and obligations of individuals and all levels of society as the recipients of the health care or health care providers in all aspects, organization, means, standard guidelines for medical services, health sciences and law and other legal sources. Medical law is part of health law, concerning to medical care / service.

At present, it can be agreed upon scope of the legal regulations for health services according to medical science including aspects in the field of criminal, civil law, administrative law, even the aspects of constitutional law. Skill education requirements, performing profession, procedure in opening medical practice, and various restrictions and supervision of medical profession are included in administrative law section.

Rights and obligations arising from the relationship of health services, the agreement between doctors and patients and their families, due to the civil negligence and the claim in health care are included in civil law. Witness, truth of health certificate, keeping secrecy, abortion, drugs or narcotics prescription, help the sick resulting in danger of death or injury are included in criminal law section.

Government health efforts involving health workers as competent state authorities are the development of constitutional law aspects in medical health law. All legal aspects in medical health legislation become legal devices that specifically define the behavior of order or necessity command or prohibitions that apply to the parties concerned with health efforts as specified in legislation. Besides the legal norms contained in medical health law, it also applies ethical norms of health / medical ethical norms as guides about the good and bad things in the daily moral life. 

Definition of Group

Definition of Group 

Group is an assembly of two or more people who interact and influence each other, and formed together based on common interests or goals. This statement contains the understanding that there must be interaction in a group of people who join in it to achieve a common goal.

To make the group managed develops towards the positive; there are several things that must be considered: 

1. Structure, it becomes important in a formal group in order to make the group solid and not get caught up in unnecessary conflict and interfere with the development of the group. 

2. Hierarchy Status, to make the goals to be achieved clear, it is necessary to control the hierarchy and authority and responsibilities of each member of the group. 

3. Role, the role of each member of the group must be adapted to the structure and hierarchy within the group in order to avoid overlap (over lapping) in processing of tasks / jobs. 

4. Norm, it is a rule of permissibility or suitability of something to be done and usually agreed by all members of the group. If there is a violation, normally it will be given social sanction prevailing in the group. Norm is required in a group to organize everything orderly and relationships among the members of the group become regular and orderly. 

5. Leadership, it is required as actuating of formality structure, clarity of hierarchy status, roles and norms. Without effective leadership, the four characteristics of the group will be useless. 

6. Compactness, it is necessary to cover the lack of leadership and weakness characteristic of other group members. 

The continuity of the group lies in the seriousness of each individual who joined the group for mutual renew the spirit of collectivity in achieving the goals set together by accommodating the most individual aspirations. The more aspirations of the group members are accommodated, the members of the group are more satisfied. Satisfaction of the members will make the existence of the group survived for a longer period of time.

Definition and Purposes of Hospital Management

Definition of hospital management is the coordination among the various resources through the process of planning, organizing, and controlling ability to achieve goals.

Hospital management puetrposes are:

1. Preparing resources

2. Evaluating effectiveness

3. Governing the use of service

4. Efficiency

5. Quality

In complex organizational hospital activities, experience will not be enough, the treatment cannot base on guessing and taste only, this is caused by:

1. More difficult and expensive resources

2. Competition era that demands excellent service

3. The development of community demand

Professional management means implementing management in a manner that can be accountable scientifically; it requires a trained person correctly and properly. 

In order to implement patient-oriented services and maintain the quality of service, it is needed reliable management; everything that is needed will be available in the form of:

1. Right amount

2. On time

3. On the target

Management of hospital environment is a management that is not static but dynamic, so adaptation is needed if a change in the hospital happened, which includes resources, processes and hospital activities, also in case of change beyond the hospital, such as law and knowledge changes caused by technological developments.

The most important benefit that can be obtained when implementing management system of hospital environment is environment and public health protections. Hospital management specifications will provide an outline of environmental management designed for all aspects; operations, products, and services of the hospital integrated and interrelated